美国住房贷款中的红线制度和社区再投资运动
发布时间：2018-09-08 13:16
【摘要】： 美国住房贷款中的红线制度和社区再投资运动,是20世纪60年代以来一个引人注目的问题,并逐渐引起了学者的广泛关注和激烈争议。 本文从住房贷款中的红线制度的概念和实施入手,在细节上对红线制度的发展脉络进行梳理,对影响红线制度的成因,社区再投资运动的进展进行了系统的研究。 第一部分认为美国住房贷款中的红线制度在20世纪60年代就引起了关注。并随着社区组织运动的开展,把这个论题带到了学术的研究领域里来。学者们从不同的研究视角入手,对它的产生和概念提出了多方面的观点。本文主要把这些关于红线制度概念的争论点归结为两个方面,即“空间上的红线制度”和“种族上的红线制度”,在探讨这两方面的红线制度的同时,提出了笔者对红线制度的一些认识和看法。在理清了什么是红线制度后,就要弄懂贷款机构是如何实行红线制度的。笔者认为贷款机构在一些公开性行为遭到抗议之后,他们为了减轻压力,开始采用更为隐秘的方法,例如在它们看来不符合条件的申请者来申请贷款时,就要采取资金紧张的说辞或是利用苛刻的贷款条件等手段来拒绝贷款申请。这种隐密性的方法,在本质上就是一种红线制度,只是不易于察觉罢了。 第二部分从成因方面具体探讨了红线制度的产生问题。其中包括:(一)联邦政府的住宅贷款政策对红线制度在住房市场上存在的推动作用;(二)美国社会中存在的种族歧视和种族隔离与红线制度形成和发展的关系;(三)中心城市的衰败和白人的郊区化对红线制度进一步发展的影响;(四)社区的特征、贷款申请者个人的特征、房产开发商、联邦政府监督的二级市场和保险业等因素与红线制度产生的关系。 第三部分着重分析了社区再投资运动的开展情况。首先是从联邦政府的社区再投资努力开始谈起的,联邦政府在看到了红线制度对中心城市社区的危害后,开始为解决一些社区居民的困境进行努力。联邦政府的努力主要体现在一些法案的颁行上,它先后颁布了公平住宅法、公平信贷机会法、住房抵押贷款公开法和社区再投资法等,为社区再投资运动的进行提供了法律的保障。州政府和地方政府也紧随着联邦政府的步伐,颁布了一些地方性的条例,并召开了一些听证会,把一些红线制度的受害者和银行集结在一起,通过红线制度受害者的陈述,要求银行对此行为采取一些修正的措施。社区组织作为再投资运动开展的急先锋,在运动中起到了关键性的作用,它们通过广泛地建立一些组织联盟,对公开法案提供的银行贷款记录进行研究,与银行进行积极的谈判等方法,为争取中心城市社区的发展进行不懈的斗争。各个城市和州的社区再投资运动可以说给我们展开了一幅生动的画面,本文主要选取了波士顿再投资案例来具体地阐明再投资运动的进展状况,希望能够窥一豹而知全局。在叙述了各个城市和州的社区再投资运动后,笔者在此基础上得出了一些关于社区再投资的粗浅认识,希望能有产生一些借鉴作用。
[Abstract]:The red line system and Community Reinvestment movement in American housing loans have been a noticeable issue since the 1960s, and have gradually aroused widespread concern and heated controversy among scholars.
Starting with the concept and implementation of the red line system in housing loans, this paper combs the development of the red line system in detail, and makes a systematic study of the causes affecting the red line system and the progress of the Community Reinvestment movement.
The first part thinks that the red line system in American housing loan has attracted much attention since the 1960s. With the development of the community organization movement, this topic has been brought to the academic research field. Scholars have put forward various viewpoints on its emergence and concept from different research perspectives. The controversy over the concept of the red line system can be summed up in two aspects: the "red line system in space" and the "red line system in race". While discussing the two aspects of the red line system, the author puts forward some understanding and views on the red line system. After clarifying what is the red line system, it is necessary to understand how the loan institutions implement it. I believe that after some public sexual protests, lenders have begun to use more subtle methods to relieve pressure, such as using tight money statements or harsh lending conditions to deny loans to applicants who appear to be unqualified. Application. This concealed method is essentially a red line system, but it is not easy to detect.
The second part discusses the causes of the Red Line system, including: (1) the federal government's housing loan policy to promote the existence of the Red Line system in the housing market; (2) racial discrimination and segregation in American society and the formation and development of the Red Line system; (3) the decline of central cities. And white suburbanization on the further development of the Red Line system; (4) Community characteristics, the characteristics of individual loan applicants, real estate developers, federal government supervision of secondary markets and insurance industry and other factors with the Red Line system.
The third part focuses on the development of Community Reinvestment campaign. First of all, the federal government began to talk about Community Reinvestment efforts. After seeing the harm of the red line system to the central urban communities, the federal government began to make efforts to solve the plight of some community residents. On the issue of the case, it promulgated the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Credit Opportunity Act, the Housing Mortgage Opening Act and the Community Reinvestment Act, providing legal protection for the Community Reinvestment movement. Community organizations, as pioneers in the reinvestment movement, played a key role in bringing together victims of the Red Line system and banks and demanding that banks take corrective action through their statements. The Community Reinvestment campaign in cities and states provides us with a vivid picture, which is illustrated by the case of Boston reinvestment. After describing the Community Reinvestment movement in various cities and states, the author draws some superficial understandings about community reinvestment, hoping to have some reference.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.54
本文编号：2230632
[Abstract]:The red line system and Community Reinvestment movement in American housing loans have been a noticeable issue since the 1960s, and have gradually aroused widespread concern and heated controversy among scholars.
Starting with the concept and implementation of the red line system in housing loans, this paper combs the development of the red line system in detail, and makes a systematic study of the causes affecting the red line system and the progress of the Community Reinvestment movement.
The first part thinks that the red line system in American housing loan has attracted much attention since the 1960s. With the development of the community organization movement, this topic has been brought to the academic research field. Scholars have put forward various viewpoints on its emergence and concept from different research perspectives. The controversy over the concept of the red line system can be summed up in two aspects: the "red line system in space" and the "red line system in race". While discussing the two aspects of the red line system, the author puts forward some understanding and views on the red line system. After clarifying what is the red line system, it is necessary to understand how the loan institutions implement it. I believe that after some public sexual protests, lenders have begun to use more subtle methods to relieve pressure, such as using tight money statements or harsh lending conditions to deny loans to applicants who appear to be unqualified. Application. This concealed method is essentially a red line system, but it is not easy to detect.
The second part discusses the causes of the Red Line system, including: (1) the federal government's housing loan policy to promote the existence of the Red Line system in the housing market; (2) racial discrimination and segregation in American society and the formation and development of the Red Line system; (3) the decline of central cities. And white suburbanization on the further development of the Red Line system; (4) Community characteristics, the characteristics of individual loan applicants, real estate developers, federal government supervision of secondary markets and insurance industry and other factors with the Red Line system.
The third part focuses on the development of Community Reinvestment campaign. First of all, the federal government began to talk about Community Reinvestment efforts. After seeing the harm of the red line system to the central urban communities, the federal government began to make efforts to solve the plight of some community residents. On the issue of the case, it promulgated the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Credit Opportunity Act, the Housing Mortgage Opening Act and the Community Reinvestment Act, providing legal protection for the Community Reinvestment movement. Community organizations, as pioneers in the reinvestment movement, played a key role in bringing together victims of the Red Line system and banks and demanding that banks take corrective action through their statements. The Community Reinvestment campaign in cities and states provides us with a vivid picture, which is illustrated by the case of Boston reinvestment. After describing the Community Reinvestment movement in various cities and states, the author draws some superficial understandings about community reinvestment, hoping to have some reference.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.54
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 杨楠;金融机构社区服务义务研究[D];广西大学;2011年
2 左建红;1940-1970年美国西部及北部地区的黑人郊区化[D];河北师范大学;2010年
，本文编号：2230632
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