论罗马共和时期将军与士兵关系的演变

发布时间：2018-09-10 20:13

【摘要】： 军队在整个罗马共和国发展过程中占据了极其重要的位置,而作为军队主体组成部分的将军和士兵之间的关系,随着罗马共和国历史的发展,也在发生着变化。从塞尔维乌斯·图里乌斯改革开始,罗马开始实行公民兵制度,经过马略改革,将军与士兵的关系开始取代国家与士兵的关系,苏拉进军罗马,开创了军事独裁制,将军与士兵的关系逐渐演变成了赤裸裸的利益关系。随着士兵不再服务于国家而是服务于将军个人,罗马共和国便陷入内部厮杀,并最终走向灭亡。本文共分为四部分,分别论述了从塞尔维乌斯改革后,地域联系取代血缘联系,破坏了旧的氏族血缘关系,以财产资格作为划分人民等级的依据,同时以按照财产等级征兵的方式取代了之前按库里亚胞祖划分军队的传统,这样,公民兵就取代了氏族武装,成为了罗马军队的主体。在维爱战争和与高卢人作战之后,卡米卢斯对当时的公民兵制进行了改革,其改革适应了时代的需要,进一步完善了罗马的公民兵制,为罗马随后征服意大利,继而称霸地中海奠定了坚实的实力基础。而在这一长期而又艰苦的征服过程中,军队发挥着至关重要的作用。而作为军队主体的将军与士兵,同为罗马公民,都很好地发扬了罗马民族的光荣传统,以维护国家利益为己任,为罗马的征服大业奉献着各自的力量。但是随着战争范围和规模的扩大,罗马的兵源供应出现危机。公民兵制已经无法满足现实的需要。加之巨大的胜利和不可计数的战利品的涌入严重地腐蚀了罗马的军队,军队内部腐败现象严重,士气低落,以致战斗力低下。马略改革取消了征兵的财产资格的限制,大批的无产者和意大利的公民纷纷加入军队,军队的成分发生了巨大的变化,士兵们作战的目的也随之改变,不再是为了国家利益而战,新的罗马军队与国家的联系逐渐弱化,他们更倾向于忠于自己的将军,因为只有跟随将军作战并赢得胜利,他们才有可能获得财富和土地,这就为军事独裁制的建立埋下了伏笔。公元前88年,苏拉带领他的士兵进攻罗马,并最终在他的军队的帮助下成功占领罗马,并建立了自己的统治。苏拉的士兵多年跟随苏拉作战,他们与苏拉之间的联系已经相当紧密。苏拉死后,为了争取士兵的支持,新的有野心的将军纷纷以利益手段收买士兵,将军与士兵的关系中的利益色彩更加浓重了。随后的野心家们如凯撒、庞培、屋大维等,也都踏上了这条武力夺取政权之路。但是此时的士兵面对形势的变化也开始作出对他们自己有利的选择。随着这种态势的演进,士兵的欲望越来越难以满足,兵变、叛离等背叛行为屡屡发生,这一切对于士兵来说似乎是理所当然的,罗马的光荣传统此时已经荡然无存,留下的只是对利益的追逐,将军与士兵之间的关系已经彻底变成赤裸裸的利益关系。
[Abstract]:The military occupies an extremely important position in the development of the whole Roman Republic, and the relationship between the general and the soldiers, as the main part of the army, is changing with the development of the history of the Roman Republic. From the beginning of the Servius Turius reform, Rome began to implement the civil soldier system. After the reform of Marillo, the relations between the general and the soldiers began to replace the relations between the state and the soldiers, and Sula marched into Rome and created a military dictatorship. The relationship between the general and the soldiers gradually evolved into a naked relationship of interest. With the soldiers no longer serving the country but the generals, the Roman Republic fell into internal strife and eventually perished. This paper is divided into four parts. After the reform of Servius, the paper discusses the replacement of regional ties for blood ties, the destruction of the old clan kinship, and the use of property qualification as the basis for the classification of the people. At the same time, conscription according to property class replaced the tradition of dividing the army according to the ancestors of Curia, so that civil soldiers replaced the clan forces and became the main body of the Roman army. After the War of Vicarice and the battle against the Gauls, Camelus reformed the civil military system of the time, adapted to the needs of the times, and further improved the system of civil soldiers in Rome, for the subsequent conquest of Italy by Rome. Then it established a solid foundation of strength for dominating the Mediterranean Sea. In this long and arduous process of conquest, the army played a vital role. As the main body of the army, the generals and soldiers, who were both Roman citizens, well carried forward the glorious tradition of the Roman nation, took the national interests as their duty, and devoted their respective strength to the great cause of Roman conquest. But with the expansion of the scope and scale of the war, the supply of troops to Rome came into crisis. The civil military system has been unable to meet the actual needs. Combined with great victories and an incalculable influx of trophies, the Roman army was seriously corrupted by corruption, demoralization, and infighting capacity. The Marlorio reforms removed restrictions on the property eligibility of conscription, and a large number of proletarians and Italian citizens joined the army. The composition of the army changed dramatically, and so did the purpose of the soldiers in fighting. No longer fighting for the good of the nation, the new Roman army became less connected to the country, and they tended to be more loyal to their generals, for they could gain wealth and land only if they fought with them and won victory. This laid the groundwork for the establishment of a military dictatorship. In 88 BC, Sullah led his soldiers into Rome and eventually succeeded in occupying Rome with the help of his army and established his own rule. Sullah's soldiers fought with Sullah for many years, and their ties with Sullah were already strong. After Sura's death, the new and ambitious generals bought the soldiers by means of profit in order to win the support of the soldiers, and the relationship between the generals and the soldiers became more profitable. Later ambitious men such as Caesar, Pompey, Octavian and others set foot on the road to power by force. But the soldiers also began to make their own choices in the face of changing circumstances. With the evolution of this situation, soldiers' desires became more and more difficult to satisfy, and betrayal, such as mutiny, rebellion, and so on, occurred repeatedly, all of which seemed natural to the soldiers, and the glorious tradition of Rome was now gone. All that remains is the pursuit of profit, and the relationship between the general and the soldiers has been turned into a naked one.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K126

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