论20世纪20年代日本政府的失业对策

发布时间：2018-09-14 07:31

【摘要】：失业是资本主义社会发展到一定阶段而必然产生的社会现象，其产生的根源是资本主义制度的基本矛盾——生产社会化和生产资料私人占有之间的矛盾。日本在明治维新后大力发展资本主义经济，在经过中日甲午战争和日俄战争后，完成了产业革命，跻身世界资本主义强国之列。在第一次世界大战期间，日本由于战争景气，资本主义经济获得了飞速发展。一战结束后，日本经济由于过于依赖外部市场和资源，随着欧美各国生产的恢复，日本的对外贸易额逐渐缩小。20世纪20年代，由于资本主义制度的基本矛盾和外部原因，，日本出现了一系列的经济危机，危机导致了大批的企业缩小生产规模甚至倒闭，进而出现了大量的失业者，日本社会出现了严重的失业现象。大量失业人员的产生造成了劳动力闲置的现象，日本政府面对自明治维新之后首次出现的大批人员失去工作流落街头的社会状况，为了维护社会稳定，开始重视对失业问题的解决。1919年时救济事业调查会向内务省提交了一份关于失业保护的纲要，其中包含了奖励归农、普及职业介绍所等内容，与此同时，各劳动团体也不断向政府提出诉求或组织工人发起反对失业的运动。在这种情况下，日本政府在20世纪20年代相继出台了归农政策、开展失业救济事业、在全国范围内设立职业介绍所等失业对策，试图通过实施这些失业对策让城市失业者返回农村减少城市的失业人员，吸收失业者参与到地方土木工程建设当中取得报酬来维持生计或经由职业介绍所的介绍使其得到就业机会，以此来解决日本当时的失业问题。这些失业对策的实施在一定程度上确实缓解了部分失业者生活窘困的状况，但并没有从根本上真正地解决失业问题，这种不彻底性使许多人依旧无法就业，20世纪30年代日本政府为尽快安置这些无业人员加快了向外扩张的步伐，失业对策的不彻底性成为了加速战争开始的因素之一。
[Abstract]:Unemployment is a social phenomenon that is inevitable when the capitalist society develops to a certain stage, the root of which is the basic contradiction of the capitalist system-the contradiction between the socialization of production and the private possession of the means of production. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan vigorously developed its capitalist economy, and after the Sino-Japanese War and the Japan-Russian War, it completed the industrial revolution and became one of the world capitalist powers. During the first World War, due to the prosperity of the war, the capitalist economy developed rapidly. After World War I, the Japanese economy was too dependent on external markets and resources. With the recovery of production in Europe and the United States, Japan's foreign trade volume gradually shrank in the 1920s, due to the basic contradictions and external reasons of the capitalist system. There is a series of economic crisis in Japan, which led to a large number of enterprises to reduce the scale of production or even close down, and then a large number of unemployed, Japan society appeared serious unemployment phenomenon. The emergence of a large number of unemployed people has caused the phenomenon of idle labour. The Japanese government has faced the social situation of a large number of people who have lost their jobs and been living on the streets for the first time since the Meiji Restoration, in order to maintain social stability. Began to attach importance to the solution to the unemployment problem. In 1919, the relief survey submitted to the Ministry of the Interior an outline on unemployment protection, which included incentives for farming, popularization of employment agencies, and so on, while at the same time, Labor groups also continue to appeal to the government or organize worker campaigns against unemployment. Under such circumstances, in the 1920s, the Japanese government successively introduced the policy of returning to agriculture, launched unemployment relief undertakings, and set up nationwide unemployment countermeasures such as employment agencies. Trying to get the urban unemployed to go back to the countryside and reduce the number of unemployed people in the cities by implementing these unemployment strategies, The unemployment problem in Japan was solved by involving the unemployed in local civil engineering construction to earn a living or to obtain employment opportunities through the introduction of employment agencies. To a certain extent, the implementation of these unemployment measures has really alleviated the plight of some unemployed people, but it has not fundamentally solved the unemployment problem. This lack of thoroughness makes many people still unable to find jobs. In the 1930s, the Japanese government accelerated its outward expansion in order to resettle these unemployed people as soon as possible, and the lack of thoroughness of the unemployment policy became one of the factors that accelerated the start of the war.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K313;F249.313

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