从罪犯到病患-19世纪英国同性恋者的身份建构
发布时间：2018-10-10 13:56
【摘要】：2014年3月29日英国同性伴侣婚姻法正式开始生效,英国同性恋者以普通公民的身份享有异性恋伴侣结婚后相同的一切权益,这是英国同性恋史上具有重大纪念意义的事件,同时也是社会体制转变、革新的结果。西方历史中同性恋者因其性取向异于普通人而不被世俗所接纳,被宗教和法律判定有罪。英国同性恋的“病罪化”过程是在漫长的社会体制演变下形成。19世纪以前,宗教在国家创建和发展的过程中起着举足轻重的作用,英国国家机制的形成和转变,以及社会自上而下的主流观念的塑造皆是围绕宗教这一轴心,而以生产繁殖为主的农业社会中衍生的宗教,是以生产力和劳动力是否得到增长作为判断事物是非的标准,所有不以繁殖为目的的人类活动,包括男性之间以及同性恋者之间的性行为都是被宗教教义所否定的,于是同性恋的“罪恶”判定由宗教世界扩展到了法律构建的世俗社会中,1533年,英国都铎王朝的亨利八世颁布法律对“鸡奸者”(英国中世纪以来对同性恋者的蔑称,男性之间的性行为是其主要针对目标,原词为“buggery”)处以极刑,这是英国同性恋者在法律上被定义为罪犯的开端;直到19世纪后半叶,随着宗教影响力在英国的减弱,法律上对同性恋者刑罚减轻,但社会道德上的转变相对滞后,法律和道德在社会过渡阶段的暂时逆向走势塑造了19世纪英国社会对同性恋的既漠视又排斥的矛盾心态,具体表现为:一方面,设立了严密的社会监察体系以净化社会道德;另一方面对社会道德中的“不可忍受的、令人愤慨的、嫌恶的”、“不体面”的同性恋行为避而不谈,或忌讳深谈。19世纪末,奥斯卡·王尔德与同性情人的亲密关系在几年的时间后,借由昆斯伯里伯爵这一导火线,发展成为奥斯卡·王尔德事件,是19世纪社会体制转变的必然结果。同时,反过来,19世纪末的奥斯卡·王尔德事件在迫使英国社会理性思考和定义同性恋者的社会身份的进程中起到了不容忽略的作用。借由这一事件表明,从个体角度来看,同性恋只是人在某方面的倾向的表述,并不能用来概括一个人的所有特性,更不能以此来定义一个人的德行。从社会角度来看,这一事件看似偶然,实则是当时某一时间段英国社会积累的对于同性恋者偏见的矛盾的集中爆发,是必然发生的具有代表性的事件,由此引发的争论使得整个19世纪被困在由宗教和法律以及不甚发达的医学理论所围成的狭窄的空间中、被单方面评价和贱视的同性恋者逐渐挣破栅栏,撕掉标签,作为正常人融入社会体系。本文通过对19世纪末英国著名剧作家奥斯卡·王尔德因具有同性恋特征的言行而获罪的始末进行分析,剖析同性恋这一群体在社会生活中的压抑处境,以此窥视英国社会体制下塑造的社会身份对社会成员的影响。
[Abstract]:On March 29, 2014, the British same-sex partner marriage law came into effect. British homosexuals enjoy the same rights and interests after heterosexual marriage as ordinary citizens. This is a momentous event in the history of British homosexuality. At the same time, it is also the result of the transformation and innovation of the social system. In western history, homosexuals were not accepted by the common people because of their sexual orientation, and were found guilty by religion and law. Before the 19th century, religion played an important role in the process of the establishment and development of the country, and the formation and transformation of the British national mechanism. And the shaping of the mainstream concept of society from top to bottom revolves around the axis of religion, and the religion derived from the agricultural society, which is mainly productive and reproductive, is based on the growth of productivity and labor force as the criterion for judging whether things are right or wrong. All human activities that do not aim at reproduction, including sexual activity between men and homosexuals, are denied by religious teachings. Thus the "evil" of homosexuality was extended from the religious world to a secular society constructed by law. In 1533, Henry VIII of the Tudor dynasty enacted a law against the "sodomy" (a disparaging term for homosexuals since the Middle Ages). Sex between men was the main target, originally "buggery") and capital punishment, which was the beginning of British homosexuality being legally defined as a criminal until the second half of the 19th century, as religious influence waned in Britain. The punishment for homosexuals is reduced in law, but the change in social morality is relatively lagging behind. The temporary reverse trend of law and morality in the transitional stage of society has shaped the contradictory mentality of disregard and exclusion of homosexuality in British society in the 19th century. On the one hand, a strict social supervision system was set up to purify social morality; on the other hand, the "intolerable, indignant, distasteful" and "indecent" homosexual acts in social morality were ignored. Or taboo. At the end of the 19th century, Oscar Wang Erde's intimate relationship with same-sex lovers, after a few years, developed into the Oscar Wang Erde incident through the trigger of count Quincinsbury. It is the inevitable result of the social system transformation in the 19 th century. On the other hand, Oscar Wang Erde in the late 19th century played an important role in forcing British society to think rationally and define the social identity of homosexuals. From this point of view, homosexuality is only an expression of a person's tendency in a certain way, and can not be used to generalize all the characteristics of a person, let alone define a person's virtue. From a social point of view, this incident seems to be accidental, in fact, it was a concentrated outbreak of contradictions about homosexuality accumulated in British society at that time, and it was a representative event that must have taken place. The resulting debate trapped the whole of the 19th century in a narrow space of religion and law and less developed medical theory, in which homosexuals who were unilaterally evaluated and viewed with contempt were gradually breaking down fences and tearing up labels. Integrate into the social system as a normal person. Through the analysis of Oscar Wang Erde, a famous British playwright in the late 19th century, who was found guilty of homosexuality, this paper analyzes the repressive situation of homosexuality in social life. In this way, we can see the influence of the social identity shaped under the British social system on the members of the society.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K561.4
本文编号：2262043
[Abstract]:On March 29, 2014, the British same-sex partner marriage law came into effect. British homosexuals enjoy the same rights and interests after heterosexual marriage as ordinary citizens. This is a momentous event in the history of British homosexuality. At the same time, it is also the result of the transformation and innovation of the social system. In western history, homosexuals were not accepted by the common people because of their sexual orientation, and were found guilty by religion and law. Before the 19th century, religion played an important role in the process of the establishment and development of the country, and the formation and transformation of the British national mechanism. And the shaping of the mainstream concept of society from top to bottom revolves around the axis of religion, and the religion derived from the agricultural society, which is mainly productive and reproductive, is based on the growth of productivity and labor force as the criterion for judging whether things are right or wrong. All human activities that do not aim at reproduction, including sexual activity between men and homosexuals, are denied by religious teachings. Thus the "evil" of homosexuality was extended from the religious world to a secular society constructed by law. In 1533, Henry VIII of the Tudor dynasty enacted a law against the "sodomy" (a disparaging term for homosexuals since the Middle Ages). Sex between men was the main target, originally "buggery") and capital punishment, which was the beginning of British homosexuality being legally defined as a criminal until the second half of the 19th century, as religious influence waned in Britain. The punishment for homosexuals is reduced in law, but the change in social morality is relatively lagging behind. The temporary reverse trend of law and morality in the transitional stage of society has shaped the contradictory mentality of disregard and exclusion of homosexuality in British society in the 19th century. On the one hand, a strict social supervision system was set up to purify social morality; on the other hand, the "intolerable, indignant, distasteful" and "indecent" homosexual acts in social morality were ignored. Or taboo. At the end of the 19th century, Oscar Wang Erde's intimate relationship with same-sex lovers, after a few years, developed into the Oscar Wang Erde incident through the trigger of count Quincinsbury. It is the inevitable result of the social system transformation in the 19 th century. On the other hand, Oscar Wang Erde in the late 19th century played an important role in forcing British society to think rationally and define the social identity of homosexuals. From this point of view, homosexuality is only an expression of a person's tendency in a certain way, and can not be used to generalize all the characteristics of a person, let alone define a person's virtue. From a social point of view, this incident seems to be accidental, in fact, it was a concentrated outbreak of contradictions about homosexuality accumulated in British society at that time, and it was a representative event that must have taken place. The resulting debate trapped the whole of the 19th century in a narrow space of religion and law and less developed medical theory, in which homosexuals who were unilaterally evaluated and viewed with contempt were gradually breaking down fences and tearing up labels. Integrate into the social system as a normal person. Through the analysis of Oscar Wang Erde, a famous British playwright in the late 19th century, who was found guilty of homosexuality, this paper analyzes the repressive situation of homosexuality in social life. In this way, we can see the influence of the social identity shaped under the British social system on the members of the society.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K561.4
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