16-18世纪英国贵族的社会地位

发布时间：2018-10-10 16:25

【摘要】： 贵族阶层是16—18世纪英国社会分层体系的一个重要组成部分，它的发展演变是这一时期英国社会转型的重要内容。英国贵族的兴衰演变一直是国际学术界十分关注的问题。 西方学术界对英国贵族的研究起步早、水平高、成果多，而国内学术界在这一领域与西方学术界差距很大。在关于16—18世纪英国贵族的社会地位的认识上，传统看法——贵族在这一时期走向没落——长期占据统治地位。近年来，西方学术界有学者开始重新审视这一时期英国贵族的历史命运，发表了一批学术成果。国内学术界虽然有人对这一问题做过一些研究，但是，全面系统的分析研究还不多见。 本文把16—18世纪的英国贵族作为一个整体来进行考察，从构成与特征、数量与流动、社会特征、社会地位与作用四个方面入手，从历史长时段着眼，将静态描述与动态分析有机地结合起来，全面系统地分析贵族发展演变的动因、类型、机制和规律，展示贵族的生活场景，揭示社会转型与贵族阶层演变的互动关系，力求科学准确地评价贵族阶层在这一时期英国社会中的地位与作用。 贵族是一个拥有特定法律意义的社会阶层。在英国，贵族指的是上院爵位贵族，具有完整法律意义的英国贵族是在16世纪最终形成的。爵位和特权是将贵族与其它社会阶层区别开来的两个基本条件，也是贵族身份的两个重要标志。英国贵族的特权虽然不多，但是，这些特权的存在足以赋予贵族身份一种法律意义。贵族与乡绅是两个法律意义完全不同的社会阶层，将两者混为一谈不符合历史事实。 这一时期是英国贵族数量增加较快的时期。人口因素、婚姻习俗、封爵政策、长子继承制是制约贵族数量变化的四个最重要因素。而国王的恩宠、婚姻则是影响贵族成员流动的两个重要因素。英国贵族成员流动的开放性并没有人们以为的那么高，在相当长的历史时期里，贵族的成员流动并不是一个跨越阶层界限的运动，而只是贵族家族的上升和下降的地位变化。英国贵族是一个封闭性较强的社会阶层，不 是一个“开放的贵族”。 在这一时期，英国贵族的家庭婚姻生活发生了诸多变化，但是， 这些变化是相当缓慢的。父权制、家长制、长子继承制仍然是制约贵 族家庭生活的三大要素。而门第观念、父母包办、内婚制则主宰着贵 族的婚姻生活。贵族的文化教育生活变化较大。贵族教育的目的、内 容和方式，大大有别于中世纪的骑士教育。贵族的文化水平有所提高， 贵族的文化生活日益丰富多彩。无论是家庭婚姻生活，还是文化教育， 都是贵族生活方式的反映，同时也是贵族的社会特征的体现。为了炫 耀自己的地位与权威，贵族们还大肆建造豪宅、雇佣大量的侍从和仆 役、购买昂贵的奢侈品、在婚丧嫁娶等问题上铺张浪费。 16一侣世纪，英国的社会生活发生了深刻的变化。在诸多变化面 前，贵族并不象有些人认为的那样，手足无措，无所适从。相反，他 们积极进行调整和适应，在这三百年里，仍然牢牢占据着社会优势地 位，掌握着社会经济、政治和文化生活的大权。在经济上，贵族的经 济活动日益多样化，收入来源不断拓宽，收入水平不断提高，他们仍 然是英国最为富有的阶层。他们控制的大地产和经济资源、他们手中 掌握的国家权力、他们的社会影响、他们的消费需求和消费能力、他 们的冒险精神，决定了他们在经济生活中的重要地位。在政治上，他 们以议会上院为基地，，通过选举等手段控制议会下院，反过来，他们 又通过议会立法来强化统治；他们把持着从中央到地方的各级重要官 职，牢牢掌握着国家政权；他们占据着军队里的高级军官职务，把持 着军事权力；他们还通过各种途径操纵地方政治生活。在文化上，他 们是文化创作的鉴赏者和收藏者，他们是文化活动的庇护人，他们的 文化品味极大地影响着英国的文化生活，他们对英国文化的影响一直 保持到19世纪。 综合以上分析，贵族在16一18世纪英国社会中的地位是稳固的、 重要的，他们是这个社会的主宰者，在19世纪资产阶级壮大起来以前， 尚无任何社会力量能够与他们相抗衡。
[Abstract]:The aristocracy is an important part of the British social stratification system in the 16th century and 18th century, and its evolution is an important part of the social transformation of England during this period. The rise and fall of the British aristocracy has always been a matter of great concern to the international academic circles. In the western academic circles, the study of the English aristocracy started earlier, the level is high, the result is much, and the domestic academic circles in this field and The gap between the western academic circles is very large. In the recognition of the social status of the British aristocracy in the 16th century and the 18th century, the traditional view _ aristocracy is in the middle of this period. In recent years, scholars in western academic circles began to re-examine the historical fate of British aristocrats in this period. A number of academic achievements have been published. In the domestic academic circle, although some studies have been done on this issue, the overall system The analysis and study of the British aristocracy in the 16th century and the 18th century as a whole, starting with the four aspects of constitution and character, quantity and flow, social character, social status and function, are from the historical period. The static description and the dynamic analysis are organically combined, the motive, type, mechanism and law of the evolution of the noble development are systematically analyzed, the life scenes of the nobility are displayed, the interaction between the social transformation and the evolution of the aristocracy is revealed, and the scientific and accurate evaluation is sought. The Position and Function of the Family Stratum in the British Society during the Period An aristocrat is a social class with a specific legal significance. In Britain, the nobility refers to the upper court A hereditary aristocrat with a complete legal sense. The British aristocracy was finally formed in the 16th century. The title and the privilege were aristocrats and others. The two basic conditions distinguished from the social class are two important symbols of the identity of the nobility. The privilege of the British aristocracy Although not much, the existence of these privileges is sufficient to give the nobility a legal sense. The nobility and the squire are two A social class that is completely different in legal significance. It is not in conformity with the historical facts. This period is when the number of British aristocrats increased faster. Period. Population factor, marriage custom, Marquis policy, eldest son inheritance system is restricted aristocrat Four of the most important factors in quantitative change. And the king's grace, marriage is two important factors that affect the mobility of the members of the nobility. The openness of the flow of the British aristocracy is not as high as people think, and in a fairly long period of time, you The movement of members of a family is not a movement across the bounds of the hierarchy A change in the status of the rise and descent of the noble family. The British aristocracy is a very close one. The social class, no. "Trunk>" an o open aristocrat鈥

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