英国两次在华招工比较研究（1860-1920）

发布时间：2018-11-03 07:54

【摘要】：从《北京条约》签订到第一次世界大战时期,英国政府有两次大规模的在华招工活动。第一次是,1860年《北京条约》签订后,英国以武力为后盾招募华工出国。第二次是,第一次世界大战后期,中国北洋政府主动向英国提出“以工代兵”的招工计划,英国接受该计划并招募大量的华工用于战争。本文试从英国两次在华招工的背景、招工过程、英国对华工的使用、华工的去向进行比较研究。在招募背景上,英国在自由资本主义与帝国主义不同阶段下招工政策的变化,由前一次的主动招募转向后一次因战争的需要而被迫接受招工计划。在招工过程中,第一次招工既包括正式的合法契约工,也包括非法的私人拐卖,英国对华工待遇没有合法的规定,各殖民地政府行使自主管理。清政府在国际上尽力维护华工的利益。第二次招工,英国采用了合法的契约工制,制定了明确的工资待遇标准,北洋政府成立专门的机构维护华工权益。在华工的使用方面,前一次英国主要将华工用于殖民地的开发建设,而后一次英国将华工派往欧洲战场用于军事劳务。最后在华工的去向方面,第一次招工中英国对华工的去向没有做出官方的安排,许多华工留在英属殖民地;而英国在战争中招募的华工大多被遣送回国并给予安置费。19世纪后期,华工补充了英国殖民地劳力的不足,促进了其殖民地的开发与建设;在第一次世界大战时期,华工为英国对德战争的胜利提供了必要的战地劳务支援。留英华工通过努力成为英国华人的一部分,为英国多元文化社会的发展注入新的血液。归国华工将新的西方文明带回中国,使中国人能更好地了解西方。与此同时,英国前后两次招工中华工政策的改变折射出英中两国外交关系的变化。
[Abstract]:From the signing of the Beijing Treaty to World War I, the British government had two large-scale job recruitment activities in China. First, after the signing of the Beijing Treaty in 1860, Britain recruited Chinese workers abroad on the back of force. Second, in the late period of World War I, the Chinese Beiyang government put forward to Britain the employment plan of "substituting workers for soldiers", and Britain accepted the plan and recruited a large number of Chinese workers for the war. This paper makes a comparative study on the background, process, use and destination of Chinese workers in Britain. In the context of recruitment, the change of the employment policy of Britain in different stages of liberal capitalism and imperialism changed from the previous active recruitment to the latter because of the need of the war and forced to accept the employment plan. In the recruitment process, the first recruitment included both formal legal contract workers and illegal private abductions. There were no legal regulations on the treatment of Chinese workers in Britain, and the colonial governments exercised their own administration. The Qing government did its best to safeguard the interests of Chinese workers internationally. For the second time, Britain adopted the legal contract system, established a clear wage standard, and the Beiyang government set up a special organization to safeguard the rights and interests of Chinese workers. In the use of Chinese workers, the former British mainly used Chinese workers for the development and construction of the colony, the latter time the British sent Chinese workers to the European battlefield for military services. Finally, in terms of the whereabouts of Chinese workers, the British did not make official arrangements for the whereabouts of Chinese workers during the first recruitment, and many Chinese workers remained in the British colonies. In the late 19th century, the Chinese workers supplemented the shortage of British colonial labor and promoted the development and construction of the colonies. During World War I, Chinese workers provided necessary field labor support for Britain's victory over Germany. By working hard to become a part of British Chinese, Chinese workers in Britain inject new blood into the development of British multicultural society. Returning Chinese workers brought the new Western civilization back to China, enabling the Chinese to better understand the West. At the same time, the two changes in the British policy of recruiting Chinese workers reflect the changes in the diplomatic relations between the two countries.
【学位授予单位】：苏州科技学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K561.4

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