关于西欧现代社会转型起始年代的新观点

发布时间：2018-11-17 10:02

【摘要】：正我们应当随时关注国际世界史学科的发展动向,今天笔者主要与读者诸君分享一个问题,那就是:西欧现代社会转型起始于什么年代?②英国及西欧向现代社会过渡或转型一般认为是发生在17世纪,最早追溯到十五六世纪,该时段是与资本主义的确立联系在一起的。资本主义萌芽、手工工场的发展、文艺复兴、新航路的开辟以及资产阶级革命,等等,西欧进入了一个新时代。以前国际史学界差不多也是这样认为的。波斯坦等一批经济史学家曾将社会转型与社会危机联系在一起,认为危机源于中世纪人口过剩而对土地的过度使用,从而引发生态灾难。这种解释尽管仍有人支持,③但总体而言,受到了越来越多的冷遇与批评。④20世纪70年代对波斯坦生态模式的挑战来自布伦纳的一项假说,他基于阶级和财产关系提出了一套农业变迁理论。一些评论家不同意布伦纳过于强调阶级关系的研究方法,主流的看法是:他低估了英格兰农民的适应能力,正是从上层农民群体中走出了许多杰出的资本主义农场主。土地市场与他们的继承策略使得少数家庭积累起大面积的份地,而在1500年后,随着租地农场
[Abstract]:While we should always pay attention to the development of the subject of international world history, today the author mainly shares a question with readers. That is: when did the modern social transformation in Western Europe begin? 2 the transition or transition from Britain and Western Europe to modern society is generally considered to have taken place in the 17th century, dating back to the 15th and 6th centuries. This period was linked to the establishment of capitalism. Western Europe entered a new era with the germination of capitalism, the development of handicrafts, the Renaissance, the opening of new routes and the bourgeois revolution. International historians used to think the same way. A group of economic historians such as Bothstein have linked social transformation to social crisis, which is attributed to the overpopulation in the Middle Ages and the overuse of land, thus causing ecological disasters. This explanation, while still supported, 3 has, in general, met with increasing cold reception and criticism. The challenge to the Bothstein ecological model in the 42070s came from a Brenner hypothesis. He put forward a theory of agricultural change based on the relation between class and property. Some critics disagree with Brenner's approach to the study of class relations. The mainstream view is that he underestimated the adaptability of the English farmers and that it was from the upper class that he emerged from the ranks of many outstanding capitalist farmers. The land market and their inheritance strategy allowed a small number of families to accumulate large plots of land, and after 1500, with the rental farm
【作者单位】：天津师范大学历史文化学院;南京大学历史学系;
【基金】：教育部人文社科重点研究基地项目(项目编号:12JJD770008)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：K505

【共引文献】