十六世纪英国新教改革：根源和基本特征
发布时间：2018-11-17 11:31
【摘要】： 16世纪英国新教改革运动对英国的政治、经济、文化都产生了深远的影响,是中世纪和近代英国的分水岭。本文从宗教、政治、经济着手研究了这次运动产生的历史根源,以及由此决定的本质特征。同时以史为鉴是本文的终极目的,因为我们的今天即是明天的历史。 本文认为英国宗教改革主要由三方面的因素酝酿和推动的。首先罗马天主教会到中世纪晚期已蜕变成一个以教皇为首的腐败的超国家权力机构,脱离了作为精神机构的本质。教会内外虔诚的基督徒,尤其是知识阶层要求改革天主教会,回到基督教本源的呼声很高。但是由于任何改革措施都将触动天主教会原有的经济和政治特权,因此以教皇为首的既得利益集团一直都抵制改革,并对教会内外的改革力量采取了高压政策。但是要求改革的呼声并没有因此而停止,这也是新教产生的根源。 其次,随着经济的发展,欧洲的封建封臣制和基督教大世界观念逐渐瓦解。取而代之的是逐渐成型的具有中央集权的民族国家。成长中的民族国家越来越不能容忍罗马教会强加的经济负担和政治上的限制。而英国在十六世纪初还只是欧洲政治舞台上正在成长中的、不起眼的小岛国,她不能如强大的西班牙和法国那样操纵教会为己所用。因此国家和教会的关系始终潜伏着危机。 此外,随着英国经济的发展,一个不同于封建贵族和农奴的新兴阶层,即以乡绅,商人为代表的资产阶级正在形成。这个日益壮大的新兴阶级将依靠一切力量创造一个适合其发展和壮大的新的社会秩序。 这三方面的根源充分地反映在英国宗教改革的基本特征上。首先是政治和宗教力量的合作。新教教义不仅为摆脱教皇统治,实现王权至尊、没收教会财产等政治革命提供了理论基础,而且也提供了改革必须的广泛的社会基础。同时,新教通过政治力量的支持,获得了发展和确立其国教地位的机会。其次,王权在英国新教改革运动中起了领导和决定性作用。王权在向近代转型时期是民族力量和国家实力的化身,因此民族国家和罗马教会的斗争必然表现为王权和教权的斗争。同时王权又是唯一可以和教权抗衡的力量,所以王权的立场决定了新教改革的成功与否。但是王权首要考虑的是政治利益,所以王权的领导地位决定了改革的最后产物需均衡各方利益,而不是局限于教义的细节上。这也是英国国教保留了天主教成分的原因所在。 同时,历史的偶然性在这场运动中也起了不可忽略的作用。虽然英国进行新教改革有其必然的一面,但是改革的方式和过程,以及最终新教的国教地位的确立却充满了偶然性。本文着重探讨了引发改革的直接原因的偶然性以及玛丽女王和伊利莎白一世当政时期关键的偶然因素。
[Abstract]:The English Protestant Reformation Movement in the 16th century had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of England, which was the watershed between the Middle Ages and the modern England. This paper studies the historical origin and the essential characteristics of this movement from the perspective of religion, politics and economy. At the same time, learning from history is the ultimate purpose of this paper, because our present is tomorrow's history. This article thinks that the British religious reform is mainly brewed and promoted by three factors. First, the Roman Catholic Church has degenerated into a corrupt supranational authority headed by the pope in the late Middle Ages, leaving its essence as a spiritual institution. There are strong calls for the Catholic Church to be reformed by devout Christians inside and outside the church, especially the intellectual class. But since any reform measures would touch the original economic and political privileges of the Catholic Church, vested interest groups headed by the Pope had been resisting the reform and had adopted a high-handed policy against the reform forces inside and outside the church. But calls for reform have not stopped, which is the root cause of Protestantism. Secondly, with the development of economy, the feudal vassal system of Europe and the idea of Christian world gradually disintegrated. It was replaced by a gradually formed nation-state with centralized power. Growing nation-states are increasingly intolerant of the economic burdens and political constraints imposed by the Roman Church. In the early 16th century Britain was a small, growing island nation on the European political stage, unable to manipulate churches as powerful as Spain and France. As a result, the relationship between the state and the church always lurks in crisis. In addition, with the development of the British economy, a new class, represented by the squire and merchants, was forming, which was different from the feudal aristocrats and serfs. The growing class will rely on all efforts to create a new social order suitable for its development and growth. The roots of these three aspects are fully reflected in the basic features of the British religious reform. The first is the cooperation of political and religious forces. Protestantism not only provides a theoretical basis for the political revolution such as getting rid of the papal rule, realizing Wang Quan's supremacy and confiscating the church property, but also provides a broad social basis for the reform. At the same time, Protestantism, supported by political forces, was given the opportunity to develop and establish its status as a state religion. Secondly, Wang Quan played a leading and decisive role in the English Protestant Reform Movement. Wang Quan was the embodiment of national strength and national strength in the period of transition to modern times, so the struggle between the nation-state and the Roman church must be the struggle of the royal power and the religious power. At the same time Wang Quan is the only power that can compete with the right of religion, so Wang Quan's position determines the success of Protestant reform. But Wang Quan's primary consideration is political interests, so Wang Quan's leadership determines that the final product of reform needs to balance the interests of all parties, not confined to the details of the doctrine. This is why the Anglican Church retains its Catholic component. At the same time, the chance of history also played an important role in this movement. Although the reform of Protestantism in England has its inevitable side, the way and process of the reform and the establishment of the status of the state religion of Protestantism in the end are full of fortuitousness. This paper focuses on the accident of the direct cause of the reform and the key accidental factors during the reign of Queen Mary and Elizabeth I.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K561.4
，
本文编号：2337623
[Abstract]:The English Protestant Reformation Movement in the 16th century had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of England, which was the watershed between the Middle Ages and the modern England. This paper studies the historical origin and the essential characteristics of this movement from the perspective of religion, politics and economy. At the same time, learning from history is the ultimate purpose of this paper, because our present is tomorrow's history. This article thinks that the British religious reform is mainly brewed and promoted by three factors. First, the Roman Catholic Church has degenerated into a corrupt supranational authority headed by the pope in the late Middle Ages, leaving its essence as a spiritual institution. There are strong calls for the Catholic Church to be reformed by devout Christians inside and outside the church, especially the intellectual class. But since any reform measures would touch the original economic and political privileges of the Catholic Church, vested interest groups headed by the Pope had been resisting the reform and had adopted a high-handed policy against the reform forces inside and outside the church. But calls for reform have not stopped, which is the root cause of Protestantism. Secondly, with the development of economy, the feudal vassal system of Europe and the idea of Christian world gradually disintegrated. It was replaced by a gradually formed nation-state with centralized power. Growing nation-states are increasingly intolerant of the economic burdens and political constraints imposed by the Roman Church. In the early 16th century Britain was a small, growing island nation on the European political stage, unable to manipulate churches as powerful as Spain and France. As a result, the relationship between the state and the church always lurks in crisis. In addition, with the development of the British economy, a new class, represented by the squire and merchants, was forming, which was different from the feudal aristocrats and serfs. The growing class will rely on all efforts to create a new social order suitable for its development and growth. The roots of these three aspects are fully reflected in the basic features of the British religious reform. The first is the cooperation of political and religious forces. Protestantism not only provides a theoretical basis for the political revolution such as getting rid of the papal rule, realizing Wang Quan's supremacy and confiscating the church property, but also provides a broad social basis for the reform. At the same time, Protestantism, supported by political forces, was given the opportunity to develop and establish its status as a state religion. Secondly, Wang Quan played a leading and decisive role in the English Protestant Reform Movement. Wang Quan was the embodiment of national strength and national strength in the period of transition to modern times, so the struggle between the nation-state and the Roman church must be the struggle of the royal power and the religious power. At the same time Wang Quan is the only power that can compete with the right of religion, so Wang Quan's position determines the success of Protestant reform. But Wang Quan's primary consideration is political interests, so Wang Quan's leadership determines that the final product of reform needs to balance the interests of all parties, not confined to the details of the doctrine. This is why the Anglican Church retains its Catholic component. At the same time, the chance of history also played an important role in this movement. Although the reform of Protestantism in England has its inevitable side, the way and process of the reform and the establishment of the status of the state religion of Protestantism in the end are full of fortuitousness. This paper focuses on the accident of the direct cause of the reform and the key accidental factors during the reign of Queen Mary and Elizabeth I.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K561.4
，
本文编号：2337623
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