后冷战时代美国政府外交决策中的媒体因素

发布时间：2018-11-19 09:16

【摘要】：一国外交决策的制定与实施同本国的政治体制是密不可分的,作为当今世界唯一的超级大国,美国的外交决策同样受到国内政治的影响。由于美国政治体制是建构在宪政主义、三权分立和联邦制的框架之上,因而美国的外交决策是一个极为复杂的过程,它在直接取决于总统、国会和国务院等决策层的同时,也受到政党、利益集团和媒体舆论的间接影响。本文主要讨论媒体因素对于美国外交决策的影响。前言部分主要叙述了本文的选题意义、研究思路以及国内外的研究现状,并对个别概念进行了简要介绍。正文部分主要包含三方面内容。第一部分主要介绍了当代美国媒体的发展状况。冷战结束后,随着新自由主义政策的推行和信息技术的发展,全球传播时代开始到来。在此时代背景下,跨国传媒集团开始出现并获得空前发展,而以美国为核心的全球传播体系逐渐确立。作为美国的“第四权力”机构,新闻媒体在全球化的浪潮中获得了新一轮的发展,其规模无论从数量、种类、从业人数和辐射范围上都称得上史无前例。而在其长期的发展历程中,美国媒体呈现出集团化、私有化、商业化和独立化的鲜明特征,这些特征既决定了媒体报道的主要内容和价值观念,也左右着其与政府的互动关系,因而直接影响到了美国媒体的运行机制。第二部分主要分析了美国媒体参与政府外交决策的角色与方式。美国外交政策的制定与实施是一个极为复杂的博弈过程,因此学界通常用“漏斗”形象阐释不同层次对外交决策的影响程度。媒体的特殊地位与级别限制赋予了其在外交决策中的信息传递员、信号引导员和政策宣传员角色,通过传播国际新闻、引导公共舆论和宣传政府政策影响政府的外交决策议程与结果。而随着新媒体技术的发展,电视逐渐成为美国普通家庭获取信息的主要渠道,因而电视外交成为媒体参与政府外交决策的直接方式。此外,媒体还可以通过民意调查与社会评论,反映公众与思想库对某些政策的观点与态度,间接的影响政府决策的出台。第三部分主要讨论了美国媒体对政府外交决策的影响及其局限性。媒体的新闻“制造”与新闻“阐释”功能令其拥有强大的信息权力,因而对于政府外交决策有着重要影响。媒体信息的传播,使得外交决策的议题、过程、速度、级别都受到了影响。一方面,媒体可以设定政府议程,提高决策等级;另一方面,媒体还可以塑造舆论导向,推进决策执行。但是,媒体对政府外交决策的影响力是多种元素综合作用的结果,因而这种影响力充满了不确定性与局限性。正是这种复杂的本质关系,如媒体影响外交决策的合法性问题,媒体在关键时机能否发挥影响力的问题,以及政府试图对媒体的控制问题,往往会限制媒体作用的发挥。
[Abstract]:The formulation and implementation of a country's diplomatic decision is closely related to its own political system. As the only superpower in the world today, the diplomatic decision of the United States is also influenced by domestic politics. Because the political system of the United States is based on the framework of constitutionalism, separation of powers and federalism, the diplomatic decision-making of the United States is a very complicated process. It is directly dependent on the decision-making levels of the President, Congress, and the State Department at the same time. It is also indirectly influenced by political parties, interest groups and media opinion. This paper mainly discusses the influence of media factors on American diplomatic decisions. The preface mainly describes the significance of the topic, the research ideas and the current research situation at home and abroad, and briefly introduces some concepts. The main body part includes three aspects. The first part introduces the development of contemporary American media. After the Cold War, with the implementation of neoliberal policies and the development of information technology, the era of global communication began to come. Under the background of this era, transnational media groups began to emerge and get unprecedented development, and the global communication system with the United States as the core gradually established. As the "fourth power" organization of the United States, the news media has gained a new round of development in the tide of globalization. Its scale is unprecedented in terms of quantity, type, number of employees and radiation range. In its long history of development, the American media has shown distinct characteristics of collectivization, privatization, commercialization and independence. These characteristics not only determine the main contents and values of media reports, but also influence their interaction with the government. As a result, it directly affects the operation mechanism of American media. The second part mainly analyzes the role and mode of American media participating in government diplomatic decision. The formulation and implementation of American foreign policy is a very complicated game process, so scholars usually use funnel image to explain the influence of different levels on diplomatic decision-making. The special status and rank of the media has given it the role of a messenger, a signal guide and a policy advocate in foreign policy decisions, through the dissemination of international news. Guiding public opinion and publicizing government policies to influence the government's foreign policy agenda and results. With the development of new media technology, television has gradually become the main channel for ordinary American families to obtain information, so TV diplomacy has become a direct way for media to participate in government diplomatic decisions. In addition, through public opinion polls and social reviews, the media can reflect the views and attitudes of the public and think tanks on certain policies, indirectly influencing the government's decision making. The third part mainly discusses the influence and limitation of American media on government diplomatic decision. The media's function of "making news" and "explaining news" makes it have powerful information power, which has an important influence on the government's diplomatic decision. The spread of media information affects the issues, processes, speed, and levels of diplomatic decision-making. On the one hand, the media can set the government agenda and improve the decision-making level; on the other hand, the media can also shape the guidance of public opinion and promote the implementation of decision-making. However, the influence of the media on the government's diplomatic decision is the result of the comprehensive action of many elements, so the influence is full of uncertainty and limitation. It is the complex nature of the relationship, such as the legitimacy of the media influencing diplomatic decisions, whether the media can exert its influence at the critical time, and the government's attempts to control the media, which often limit the role of the media.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.54

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