论恺撒历史写作的政治取向

发布时间：2018-12-11 17:57

【摘要】：盖约朱利乌斯恺撒（G. Julius Caesar）是古罗马杰出的政治家、军事家。不仅如此，恺撒在史学方面的成就不容忽视，在戎马生涯之外，他留下了两部战记：《高卢战记》和《内战记》。恺撒的历史写作继承了罗马史学为政治活动服务的特性，他的两部战记与他的政治活动密切关联。本文基于罗马史学的政治传统，再结合恺撒的两部战记，详细论述恺撒历史写作的政治取向。首先，恺撒生活在公元前一世纪，此时罗马政治陷入混乱。自公元前133年格拉古兄弟改革以来，罗马共和国已经丧失了用传统的等级妥协来解决内部冲突的能力，之后的罗马政治陷入暴力和堕落之中。恺撒的政治生涯就是在这样的环境中开始的。恺撒早期的政治生涯（公元前59年之前）以当选大祭司长及执政官为顶峰。从恺撒早期政治经历不难看出，恺撒始终遵循着罗马传统的政治行为模式。他依靠自己的政治才能与谋略，一步步地从财务官一直晋升到司法官、执政官，通过“非党派性”与积累的强大关系网，以及为罗马行省的管理，罗马公民权的扩展与维护而进行的一系列政治活动，展示了他作为一名遵循罗马传统政治模式的杰出政治家的魄力。高卢战争期间，恺撒一方面专心经营战争，在高卢积聚起自己的军事势力；另一方面他在罗马培植代理人，尽力协调与维持“三头同盟”，以维护和巩固自己的政治地位。公元前49年到前45年间，恺撒与庞培和元老院的联合势力发生了内战，内战的胜利将恺撒的政治生涯推向了顶峰。其次，关于恺撒的两部战记。《高卢战记》写作于公元前52-前51年。从《高卢战记》的写作时间的分析中可以看出作者写作的政治意图。《高卢战记》作为恺撒个人作战心得的结晶，详细记述了恺撒在高卢发动的一系列战争。《内战记》详细叙述了公元前49年到前45年间，，恺撒与庞培和元老院联合势力的战争。最后，从恺撒的政治活动以及战记的写作特征来看，恺撒的历史写作继承了罗马史学的政治传统。通过《高卢战记》的写作，恺撒宣传了自己的军事功绩，将自己为国家的荣誉征战的历史过程展现在罗马人民面前，其目的在于提高自身的政治威望，把在高卢的军事成就转化为登上政治顶峰的强大资本。通过《内战记》的写作，恺撒向罗马人民解释发动内战的责任在于庞培，而恺撒是为了国家的利益和自己的荣誉而战。恺撒的历史写作具有鲜明的政治取向。
[Abstract]:GaijoJulius Caesar (G. Julius Caesar) was an outstanding statesman and strategist in ancient Rome. Not only that, Caesar's achievements in the field of history can not be ignored, in addition to his military career, he left two war records: the War of Gallic and the War of Internal War. Caesar's historical writing inherits the characteristic that Roman historiography serves political activities. His two war books are closely related to his political activities. Based on the political tradition of Roman historiography and combined with Caesar's two War Records, this paper discusses in detail the political orientation of Caesar's historical writing. First, Caesar lived in the first century BC, when Roman politics was in chaos. The Roman Republic has lost its ability to settle internal conflicts with traditional hierarchical compromises since the Graco Brothers Reformation in 133 B.C., and Roman politics has since fallen into violence and depravity. Caesar's political career began in such an environment. Caesar's early political career (before 59 BC) culminated in his election as chief priest and consul. It is not difficult to see from Caesar's early political experience that Caesar has always followed the traditional Roman pattern of political behavior. On his own political talent and strategy, he was gradually promoted from treasurer to magistrate, consul, through "non-partisan" and accumulated strong connections, and managed for the Roman province. A series of political activities carried out by the extension and maintenance of Roman citizenship showed his courage as an outstanding statesman following the Roman traditional political model. During the Gallic War, Caesar concentrated on running the war and amassed his own military power in Gaul; on the other hand, he cultivated his agent in Rome and tried to coordinate and maintain the "Triple Alliance" in order to maintain and consolidate his political position. The victory of Caesar's political career culminated in a civil war with Pompey and the Senate between 49 and 45 BC. Secondly, two war books about Caesar. Gallic War was written between 52 and 51 BC. The political intentions of the author can be seen from the analysis of the writing time of the War of Gaul. As the crystallization of Caesar's personal experience in battle, A series of wars that Caesar waged in Gaul is described in detail. The War of the Inner War describes in detail the war between Caesar and Pompey and the Senate between 49 and 45 BC. Finally, from the political activities of Caesar and the writing characteristics of war, Caesar's historical writing inherited the political tradition of Roman historiography. Through the writing of the War of Gaul, Caesar propagandized his military achievements and presented to the people of Rome the historical course of his war for the glory of his country, with the aim of raising his own political prestige. Turn the military achievements in Gaul into a powerful capital at the top of politics. In the Book of War, Caesar explained to the Roman people that the responsibility for the civil war lay with Pompey, and Caesar fought for the good of his country and his own honor. Caesar's historical writing has a clear political orientation.
【学位授予单位】：中南民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K126

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