英国《谷物法》的废除及其社会根源

发布时间：2018-12-20 15:57

【摘要】： 英国的谷物法是在谷物(主要包括小麦、大麦、黑麦和燕麦)充足和低价时期,为了生产者的利益,而企图控制谷物贸易的议会法规。拿破仑战争结束后,贵族和大土地所有者面临利益受损的窘境,利用谷物法来控制粮食进口,保证国内粮食价格运行在高位。这种做法在过程和影响上都与中等阶层的思想格格不入,并且给中等阶层带来利益的损失、政治的压制,遭到中等阶层的反对。而以农业工人和工业工人为主的工人阶层也在谷物法维持的高物价下生活困苦,工人阶层也是强烈反对谷物法。中等阶层和工人阶层开始为利益抗争。议会改革后,虽然部分中等阶层虽然进入统治阶层,但是自由贸易的实现依然受到谷物法的束缚,反谷物法同盟成立以及各种活动,成了中等阶层继续要求改革社会运行方式的先锋。工人阶层在诞生之初由于尚未成熟,反谷物法活动也是追随中等阶层,往往被中等阶层利用。但是工人阶层在实践中迅速成长,各种工会组织的出现以及宪章运动的开展,有力的表达了工人阶层反谷物法的决心。在中等阶层和工人阶层的共同努力下,贵族和大土地所有者不得不妥协,谷物法最终废除,英国开始了自由贸易的新时代。本文试图从社会各阶层间的利益矛盾入手,了解中等阶层和工人阶层的各项反谷物法行动,以及自由贸易思想作为精神动力对中等阶层的重要意义,从而在社会结构的变化和意识形态的推广等因素中发现英国谷物法废除的社会根源。
[Abstract]:The British grain law was a parliamentary regulation that attempted to control the grain trade for the benefit of producers at a time when grains (mainly wheat, barley, rye, and oats) were plentiful and cheap. After the end of Napoleon War, aristocrats and landowners were faced with the dilemma of losing their interests. Grain laws were used to control grain imports to ensure that domestic grain prices were running at high levels. The process and influence of this practice are incompatible with the ideology of the middle class, and bring profit loss to the middle class, and political repression is opposed by the middle class. The working class, which is dominated by agricultural and industrial workers, also suffers from the high prices maintained by the grain law, and the working class is strongly opposed to the grain law. The middle class and the working class began to fight for the good. After the parliamentary reform, although some of the middle class entered the ruling class, the realization of free trade was still constrained by the grain law, the establishment of the anti-grain law alliance and various activities. Has become the middle class to continue to demand the reform of the social operation of the vanguard. Since the working class was not mature at the beginning of its birth, the anti-grain law also followed the middle class and was often used by the middle class. However, the rapid growth of the working-class in practice, the emergence of various trade unions and the development of the Charter Movement have expressed the determination of the working-class anti-grain law. With the joint efforts of the middle class and the working class, the aristocracy and the landowners had to compromise, the grain law was finally abolished, and Britain began a new era of free trade. This article attempts to start with the conflicts of interests among the various social strata, to understand the actions of the middle class and the working class against grain laws, and the significance of the free trade thought to the middle class as a spiritual motive force. Therefore, the social root of the abolition of English grain law was found in the factors of social structure change and ideology popularization.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K561

【共引文献】