帝俄时期贵族的爵位、制服与勋章研究
发布时间：2019-03-30 13:06
【摘要】：由于特殊的地缘政治,俄国贵族与西方贵族有着不同的特征。1722年的《官秩表》把贵族分为世袭贵族和终身贵族。1785年的《贵族特权敕书》确立了贵族等级在法律上的特权地位。1782年的《贵族家谱》把世袭贵族分为六类:赏赐或现任贵族;军事贵族;官僚贵族或勋章贵族;外国贵族家族;爵位贵族;古代贵族家族。1832年法典第九卷确立了获得世袭贵族称号的三种方式:1.通过沙皇的赏赐取得贵族身份;2.通过担任《官秩表》内的文武官职取得贵族身份;3.通过获得爵位、勋章来取得贵族身份。但是终身贵族称号不能世袭,不能列入贵族家谱更不能参加贵族团体。占有土地不能成为获得贵族称号的前提,国家义务才是俄国贵族法律权利得以保障的根本前提。贵族等级制度的特征又是通过爵位、勋章和制服得以体现的。从西方引进的爵位制度是给予贵族的封号,仅有三级:公爵,伯爵,男爵。徽章和制服是贵族等级权利和荣誉的外在体现。《官秩表》内的文武官职横向分为军官、文官、宫廷官;纵向上军官分为将官,校官,尉官,文官分为最高、中层、下层行政长官。任军官则14品及以上即为世袭贵族,而文官和宫廷官员则8品及以上才为世袭贵族,8品以下为终身贵族,不可世袭,因此军官地位要优于文官和宫廷官。以上三种官职的制服最基本的作用是表现官阶的高低,不同官职的制服各有特色,军官制服分为礼服和战服,礼服的制作追求极致的华丽,而战服则要兼顾功能性和舒适性;文官的制服种类繁多,行政系统、地域和场合决定着文官制服的款式;宫廷官员以手杖、镶嵌钻石的钥匙作为高级官阶的象征物,男女官员制服有所不同,未婚和已婚女官的制服也有区别。勋章是对为国做出突出贡献的表彰,非贵族被授予勋章即可成为贵族。勋章分为十七个等级,只有圣安德烈勋章被列入了《官秩表》。每种勋章形态各异做工考究,对应着不同的制服,这些制服和勋章是个人功绩的外在表现。
[Abstract]:Because of special geopolitics, Russian aristocrats and western aristocrats have different characteristics. In 1722, the official Rank Table divided aristocrats into hereditary aristocrats and lifelong aristocrats. In 1785, the Royal Book of Privileges of the aristocrats established the privileged status of aristocrats in law. Genealogy of aristocrats divides hereditary aristocrats into six categories: reward or present nobility; Military nobleman; bureaucrat or medal nobleman; foreign aristocrat family; aristocratic peerage; ancient aristocratic family. Volume IX of the 1832 Code established three ways of obtaining the title of hereditary aristocrat: 1. Obtain aristocrat status by czar's reward; 2. To acquire aristocrat status by holding civil and military positions in the official rank table; 3. To obtain nobility by obtaining a title and a medal. However, the title of lifelong aristocrats cannot be inherited, nor can it be included in aristocratic genealogy and participate in aristocratic groups. The possession of land can not be the premise of the title of nobility, and the duty of state is the fundamental premise to guarantee the legal rights of Russian aristocrats. The aristocratic hierarchy is characterized by titles, medals, and uniforms. The title introduced from the West was the title given to aristocrats, with only three levels: Duke, Earl, Baron. Badges and uniforms are the external embodiment of aristocratic rank rights and honors. The civil and military officers in the official rank table are divided into officers, civil servants and court officials. Vertically, officers are divided into officers, school officers, cadets, civil servants divided into the highest, middle, lower-level chief executive. Officers were hereditary aristocrats, while civil servants and court officials were hereditary aristocrats, while civil servants and court officials were hereditary aristocrats, and less than 8 were life-long aristocrats, not hereditary. Therefore, the status of military officers was superior to that of civil servants and court officials. The most basic function of the uniforms of the above three official positions is to show the rank of officers, the uniforms of different official positions have their own characteristics, the uniforms of officers are divided into tuxedos and combat uniforms, and the dress is made to pursue extreme splendor, while the combat uniforms should take into account both function and comfort; There are many kinds of civilian uniform, the administrative system, region and occasion determine the style of civilian uniform; Court officials use walking sticks and diamond-inlaid keys as symbols of senior rank, the uniforms of male and female officials are different, and the uniforms of unmarried and married women are different. Medals are the recognition of outstanding contributions to the country, non-aristocrats being awarded to become aristocrats. The order is divided into seventeen grades, and only the order of St. Andrea is included in the official order list. Each of the medals is well-done and corresponds to different uniforms, which are external expressions of personal merit.
【学位授予单位】：苏州科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K512.34
本文编号：2450104
[Abstract]:Because of special geopolitics, Russian aristocrats and western aristocrats have different characteristics. In 1722, the official Rank Table divided aristocrats into hereditary aristocrats and lifelong aristocrats. In 1785, the Royal Book of Privileges of the aristocrats established the privileged status of aristocrats in law. Genealogy of aristocrats divides hereditary aristocrats into six categories: reward or present nobility; Military nobleman; bureaucrat or medal nobleman; foreign aristocrat family; aristocratic peerage; ancient aristocratic family. Volume IX of the 1832 Code established three ways of obtaining the title of hereditary aristocrat: 1. Obtain aristocrat status by czar's reward; 2. To acquire aristocrat status by holding civil and military positions in the official rank table; 3. To obtain nobility by obtaining a title and a medal. However, the title of lifelong aristocrats cannot be inherited, nor can it be included in aristocratic genealogy and participate in aristocratic groups. The possession of land can not be the premise of the title of nobility, and the duty of state is the fundamental premise to guarantee the legal rights of Russian aristocrats. The aristocratic hierarchy is characterized by titles, medals, and uniforms. The title introduced from the West was the title given to aristocrats, with only three levels: Duke, Earl, Baron. Badges and uniforms are the external embodiment of aristocratic rank rights and honors. The civil and military officers in the official rank table are divided into officers, civil servants and court officials. Vertically, officers are divided into officers, school officers, cadets, civil servants divided into the highest, middle, lower-level chief executive. Officers were hereditary aristocrats, while civil servants and court officials were hereditary aristocrats, while civil servants and court officials were hereditary aristocrats, and less than 8 were life-long aristocrats, not hereditary. Therefore, the status of military officers was superior to that of civil servants and court officials. The most basic function of the uniforms of the above three official positions is to show the rank of officers, the uniforms of different official positions have their own characteristics, the uniforms of officers are divided into tuxedos and combat uniforms, and the dress is made to pursue extreme splendor, while the combat uniforms should take into account both function and comfort; There are many kinds of civilian uniform, the administrative system, region and occasion determine the style of civilian uniform; Court officials use walking sticks and diamond-inlaid keys as symbols of senior rank, the uniforms of male and female officials are different, and the uniforms of unmarried and married women are different. Medals are the recognition of outstanding contributions to the country, non-aristocrats being awarded to become aristocrats. The order is divided into seventeen grades, and only the order of St. Andrea is included in the official order list. Each of the medals is well-done and corresponds to different uniforms, which are external expressions of personal merit.
【学位授予单位】：苏州科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K512.34
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