美国与埃维昂会议

发布时间：2019-06-13 14:51

【摘要】： 1933年希特勒上台伊始便开始了他的排犹暴行，企图建立一个纯粹的日耳曼人国家，由此纳粹颁布一系列反犹立法，德国52.5万犹太人逐渐被剥夺了政治、经济和基本的公民权利，处境急剧恶化，实际上沦为无国籍的难民，这便产生了德国犹太难民问题。1938年3月德国吞并奥地利，又有19万犹太人成为难民，局势急转直下，德国(包括奥地利)犹太难民危机全面爆发。1938年7月，来自于欧洲、美洲、大洋洲32个国家的代表云集法国埃维昂，召开了一次旨在解决难民危机的国际会议。该会议由美国罗斯福总统发起倡议，会后成立了一个政府间难民事务委员会，但是并没有取得实质性进展。本文试图通过对埃维昂会议的全面描述，考察美国从该会议的策划、筹备到会议的进程、结果方面发挥的重要作用，，揭示了美国在二战前夕的难民政策和外交战略。全文共三章：第一章介绍了埃维昂会议的历史背景。首先回顾1938年以前德国难民问题的形成和发展概况，然后叙述了以英、法、美为代表的国际社会对德国犹太难民问题的态度和对策，一方面论述英、法操纵的国际联盟对该问题的解决收效甚微，进而揭示原因；另一方面概述了美国在这一时期的难民政策以及对德国犹太难民问题的旁观者态度。最后论述成为埃维昂会议直接原因的1938年德国(包括奥地利)犹太难民危机的全面爆发。第二章首先论述了美国国务院发出倡议的决策过程和决策结果，进而揭示美国召开埃维昂会议的深层次原因。然后讲述美国政府对埃维昂会议的筹备过程，其中包括与会代表的任命和难民事务总统委员会的成立，以及美国为了促使会议如期召开而进行的一系列外交方面的努力。第三章主要论述了埃维昂会议的过程、结果及影响。重点论述美国代表梅隆·泰勒是如何突破来自于英国和拉美国家两方面的障碍从而最终建立政府间难民事务委员会的。最后深入探讨了埃维昂会议的成与败、得与失以及会议主导者美国所进行的创造性尝试。通过分析，本文认为，造成埃维昂会议未能达到预期目标的主要原因是美国难民政策的两面性，美国处理国际难民问题更着重于政治考虑而不是人道主义关注，而从另一个角度看，埃维昂会议又在很多方面具有独创性。
[Abstract]:When Hitler came to power in 1933, he began his anti-Semitic atrocity in an attempt to establish a pure Germanic state. As a result, the Nazis promulgated a series of anti-Semitic legislation. 525000 Jews in Germany were gradually deprived of their political, economic and basic civil rights, and their situation was rapidly deteriorating. In fact, they became stateless refugees, which gave rise to the problem of German Jewish refugees. Germany annexed Austria in March 1938. Another 190000 Jews became refugees, and the Jewish refugee crisis broke out in Germany (including Austria). In July 1938, representatives from 32 countries from Europe, the Americas and Oceania gathered in Evian, France, to hold an international conference aimed at resolving the refugee crisis. The meeting was initiated by President Roosevelt of the United States and followed by the establishment of an intergovernmental committee on refugees, but no substantial progress was made. Through a comprehensive description of the Evian meeting, this paper attempts to investigate the important role played by the United States from the planning of the conference, the preparation to the process of the meeting, and the results, and reveals the refugee policy and foreign strategy of the United States on the eve of World War II. The full text consists of three chapters: the first chapter introduces the historical background of the Evian Conference. This paper first reviews the formation and development of the German refugee problem before 1938, and then describes the attitude and countermeasures of the international community, represented by Britain, France and the United States, towards the German Jewish refugees problem. On the one hand, it discusses that the international alliance manipulated by Britain and France has little effect on solving this problem, and then reveals the reasons; on the other hand, it summarizes the American refugee policy in this period and the onlookers' attitude towards the German Jewish refugees problem. Finally, it discusses the comprehensive outbreak of the Jewish refugee crisis in Germany (including Austria), which was the direct cause of the Evian meeting in 1938. The second chapter first discusses the decision-making process and results of the initiative issued by the State Department of the United States, and then reveals the deep-seated reasons for the convening of the Evian Conference in the United States. It then describes the U. S. government's preparatory process for the Evian Conference, including the appointment of delegates and the establishment of the Presidential Commission for Refugees, as well as a series of diplomatic efforts by the United States to facilitate the meeting as scheduled. The third chapter mainly discusses the process, results and influence of the Evian meeting. This paper focuses on how American representative Mellon Taylor broke through obstacles from both the United Kingdom and Latin American countries, leading to the establishment of an intergovernmental committee on refugees. Finally, the success and defeat of the Evian Conference, gains and losses, as well as the creative attempts made by the United States, the leader of the Conference, are discussed in depth. Through the analysis, this paper holds that the main reason why the Evian Conference failed to achieve the expected goal is the dual nature of the American refugee policy. The United States focuses more on political considerations than humanitarian concerns in dealing with international refugees, while from another point of view, the Evian Conference is original in many aspects.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.52;K151

【相似文献】