论18、19世纪英格兰共济会的重要转型

发布时间：2019-07-09 17:29

【摘要】：现代英格兰共济会诞生于1717年的伦敦,是英国近代史上具有重要地位的民间社团。英格兰共济会自创建伊始,便受到了英国上层社会的贵族、绅士、皇家学会会员以及海外军团军官等人群的关注,并成为这些会员进行社会交际的重要平台。在18、19世纪,英格兰共济会以各种方式向英国本土以及海外殖民地扩张,发展成为一个成员数量众多、影响力巨大的民间组织。同时,英格兰共济会也是全世界共济会的母会,会员将共济会的形式带到了欧洲各国,产生了不可忽视的国际影响,为英国思想文化向欧洲大陆的传播提供了一个有效的途径。英格兰共济会自诞生起至19世纪末的这段时期,被认为是从初创走向成熟的最重要的历史阶段。在这个历史阶段,英格兰共济会经历了三个重要的转型。它们分别是：1723年至1790年代以宗教观念为主要矛盾的分裂形成与固化时期,1790年代至1813年以实现向效忠派转变为主要目标的合法性争取时期,1813年至19世纪末以上层领袖和下层会员之间的矛盾为焦点,以下层会员强烈要求扩大自治权为特征的向社会新兴中产阶级转向的时期。1723年英格兰共济会总会确立的以自然神论为基础的宗教观念表述引发了英格兰各地区共济会会所的争议。倾向于传统基督教观念的北方共济会(约克共济会以及爱尔兰、苏格兰共济会)纷纷成立自己的总会,与英格兰总会相抗衡。1730-40年代的爱尔兰饥荒中,许多爱尔兰和苏格兰共济会会员前往伦敦地区寻求工作机会。这些会员遭到了英格兰共济会总会旗下会所的漠视和抵制。宗教观念、地域隔阂、阶级属性等方面的差异最终迫使这些会员另立门户,他们于1751年在伦敦成立了英格兰共济会“古老派”总会,开始了英格兰共济会内部长达半个多世纪的“古老派”与“现代派”的并立时期。这个被称为“共济会大分裂”的阶段随着现代派所坚持的自然神论在英国的衰落以及坚持对立倾向的古老派领导人的去世而终结于1790年代。18世纪末至19世纪20年代,法国大革命的爆发、拿破仑战争的持续进行,导致英国政府加紧了对国内各类民间团体的管制。英格兰共济会的秘密社团形式以及会内部分会员难以受到控制的政治倾向表达给英格兰共济会带来了前所未遇的合法性危机。为了在大英帝国的法律框架内生存下来,两派共济会逐渐达成了和解的意向,并通过会内高层的政治辩护等途径取得了政府法律的承认。同时,两派以合并的方式统一了之前相互冲突的仪式和规章,明确了效忠派的政治身份定位,在高压的政治环境中保证了共济会的生存,为共济会的进一步发展争取到了合法的空间。1813年合并后的英格兰共济会明确了非政治非宗教的定位,但是在发展方向上的争议却再次浮出水面。高层领袖希望共济会成为一个高度哲学化的团体,下层会员期望高层更加重视会内的兄弟互助,而少数激进分子则渴望将英格兰共济会推向类似法国共和主义者的道路。三方利用19世纪上半叶大量出现的廉价出版物、报纸、杂志等开放的平台进行着论战。此外,论战各方还表达了会员们对议会改革和贵族危机等19世纪中期重要的英国社会历史事件的观点。最终,数量不断扩大的中产阶级会员取得了英格兰共济会内部的话语权,会内领导层在舆论逼迫和高层理念分裂等多重压力下向庞大的新兴会员群体做出妥协。英格兰共济会逐渐明确了增进会员道德提升,提供宗教情感寄托的发展方向。英格兰共济会通过18、19世纪这三次重要的转型完成了从初创到成熟的转变,塑造了自己成熟的发展模式。在转型的过程当中,英格兰共济会内部各板块之间的矛盾得到了充分的体现。尽管存在着各种内部争议,英格兰共济会还是实现了快速的扩张,并且在消弭会内矛盾的过程中完成了对共济会的基本原则、发展方向和历史文本的构建。可以说,英格兰共济会在世俗与宗教、平等与限定、精英与大众、激进与保守等各种倾向的拉扯下逐渐打磨出了具有强大包容性的框架,塑造了当今英格兰共济会的发展模式,成为一个旨在提升会员个人道德修养的民间联谊性组织。
[Abstract]:The modern English Masonic was born in London in 1717, an important civil society in the modern history of England. At the beginning of its creation, the English Masonic has received the attention of the aristocrats, gentlemen, members of the Royal Society and the officers of the overseas legion, and has become an important platform for the social communication of these members. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the English ataxia had expanded to the British and overseas colonies in a variety of ways, and developed into a large number of non-governmental organizations with a large number of members. At the same time, at the same time, the Freemasite of England is the mother of the world's ataxia, and the member brings the form of the ataxia to the European countries, which has produced the international influence that can't be ignored, and provides an effective way for the dissemination of the British thought culture to the European continent. The period from its birth to the end of the 19th century, from its birth to the end of the 19th century, is thought to be the most important historical stage from start-up to maturity. At this stage of history, the English ataxia has undergone three important transformations. They are the split-forming and curing period of the main contradiction between 1723 and 1790, and the contradiction between the leaders and the lower-level members from 1813 to the end of the 19th century is the focus of the period from 1790 's to 1813 to realize the legitimacy of transforming the allegiance to the main target. A period of turning to the new middle class characterized by a strong demand for autonomy from lower-level members. The expression of a religious belief based on the nature of the nature of England in 1723 has raised the dispute in the various regions of England. The Northern Masonic, which is inclined to the traditional Christian concept (the York Masonic and the Irish, the Scottish Masonic), has set up their own associations to compete with the England Association. In the Irish famine of the 1730-40, A number of Irish and Scottish Masons travel to London to seek employment opportunities. The members have been ignored and boycotted by the Freemasons of England. The differences in religious beliefs, regional estrangement, class attributes, and so on, eventually force the members to set up a separate portal, which, in 1751, set up the English Masonic "old school" Association in London to start the "old school" and "modern school" of the first half of the century. The period referred to as the "Masonic division" ended in the 1790 's with the decline of the British and the death of the old-style leader who insisted on the opposing tendency. The French Revolution broke out in the end of the 18th and the end of the 19th century, and the continuation of the Napoleonic Wars, The British government has intensified its regulation of various civil society in the country. The form of secret societies in the English Masonic and the hard-to-control political tendency of some of the members of the club to express their political preference for control have brought the crisis of legitimacy that had not been met in the past. In order to survive in the legal framework of the British Empire, the two-party Masonic has gradually reached the intention of reconciliation, and has obtained the recognition of the Government's law by means of a high-level political defence. At the same time, the two groups united in a unified way to unify the pre-conflicting rituals and regulations, define the political identity of the loyalists, and ensure the survival of the ataxia in a high-pressure political environment, The further development of ataxia has sought legal space. In 1813, the post-merger of the English Masonic has made clear the position of the non-political, non-religious, but the controversy in the direction of development has surfaced again. High-level leaders hope to be a highly-philosophical group, with lower-level members expected to pay more attention to the union of the brothers in the meeting, while a few militants are eager to push England's ataxia to a way similar to the French republicist. The three parties discussed the open platform of cheap publications, newspapers and magazines in the first half of the 19th century. In addition, the warring parties have expressed their views on the important British social and historical events in the mid-19th century, such as parliamentary reform and the aristocratic crisis. In the end, a growing number of middle-class members have obtained the voice of the English Masonic, and the internal leadership is making a compromise to a large number of emerging-member groups under multiple pressures, such as the pressure of public opinion and the division of high-level ideas. The English ataxia has gradually made clear the direction of the development of the promotion of the member's morality and the development of the religious sentiment. From the start-up to the maturity of the 18 th and 19 th century, England's ataxia has formed its own mature development model. In the course of the transformation, the contradiction between the internal parts of the English ataxia is fully reflected. In spite of the various internal disputes, the English Masonic has achieved a rapid expansion, and the basic principles, the direction of development and the construction of the historical texts have been completed in the process of eliminating the contradictions. It can be said that the Freemasons of England, in the secular and religious, equal and limited, the elite and the masses, the radical and the conservative, and so on, gradually grind out a strong and inclusive framework, which has shaped the development model of the present-day Masonic Society in England, Become a civil society organization designed to improve the individual's personal morality.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K561.4

【共引文献】