3～6岁城乡儿童执行功能发展及其差异研究

发布时间：2018-01-11 13:28

本文关键词：3～6岁城乡儿童执行功能发展及其差异研究　出处：《浙江师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：执行功能逐渐成为近年来儿童认知发展这一重要领域的研究热点和前沿,尤其是特别针对学前儿童所做的研究较多。执行功能可以帮助儿童记住和使用新信息,集中注意力,解决复杂的问题,圆满完成冗长却又重要的任务,懂得如何制定计划和做出决定,并在有需要时及时做出适当的调整,意识并改正错误,控制我们的冲动行为来设定目标并在目标指导下监控自己的完成过程。总体来看,国内对儿童执行功能的研究在方法上通常是采用几个经典任务对其进行综合考察,而将工作记忆、抑制控制和认知灵活性这三大执行功能子成分抽离开来进行的研究较少,在对象上缺乏跨年龄阶段的研究,通常是为了探讨其发展关键期而将不同的年龄阶段分开来考察,把儿童在整个幼儿园时期作为一个整体考察其学习和生活中执行功能发生的详细变化的研究少之又少,专门针对农村儿童这一特殊群体所做的研究则更少。本研究使用执行功能行为测试软件包含的7种执行功能任务考察了210名3-6岁城市儿童执行功能的工作记忆、抑制控制和认知灵活性三大子成分的年龄发展特征及性别差异,又选用其中的SOP、SSS和FIS三项任务考察了134名3-6岁乡村儿童执行功能的年龄特征和性别差异,并通过与131名年龄相当的城市儿童对比来研究他们之间的发展差异。再通过问卷调查,从儿童的主要照顾者与幼儿的关系、母亲最高文化程度、家庭人均收入和电子产品使用这四个重要家庭生活环境评价指标入手,对3-6岁城乡儿童执行功能发展差异的影响因素开展了初步研究,帮助主要照顾者和教育者更加清楚地了解执行功能的发展过程及其影响因素,并掌握必需的早期儿童执行功能发展的知识和促进方法,可以有效地将这些知识应用到家庭和学校教育中。研究结果表明：1.从整体上来看,3-6岁城乡儿童在各任务的年龄主效应显著,但性别主效应均不显著,年龄和性别交互效应也均不显著。可见执行功能在总体发展水平上是随着年龄的增长而呈上升趋势的。2.执行功能的性别差异检验不显著说明3-6岁城乡男女儿童在执行功能的发展水平上基本相当,3.在本研究的被试群体中,城市儿童的SOP测验正确率、SSS测验正确率和FIS测验正确率均明显高于乡村儿童。4.城市儿童的主要照顾者为父母,而乡村儿童的主要照顾者为爷爷奶奶或外公外婆,主要照顾者与幼儿的关系在SSS任务反应时、SOP任务正确率、SSS任务正确率和FIS任务正确率指标上差异显著；城市儿童母亲最高文化程度明显高于乡村儿童母亲最高文化程度,母亲最高文化程度在FIS任务正确率指标上差异显著；城市儿童家庭人均收入明显高于乡村儿童家庭人均收入,家庭人均收入在SOP任务正确率、SSS任务正确率和FIS任务正确率指标上差异显著；城市儿童经常使用电子产品的人数略多于从不或极少使用电子产品的人数,而乡村儿童从不或极少使用电子产品的人数大大超过经常使用电子产品的人数,电子产品使用在SSS任务正确率和FIS任务正确率指标上差异显著。综上,3-6岁城市儿童在工作记忆、抑制控制和认知灵活性三大执行功能子成分任务上的表现都显著优于乡村儿童,且这种差异可能与主要照顾者类型,母亲学历,家庭经济状况和电子产品使用等因素有关。建议为促进儿童执行功能更好地发展,父母亲应尽可能亲自抚养儿童,努力提升自身的学历并不断学习科学育儿的先进理念,合理使用科技产品,以及为儿童发展提供充足的经济保障。
[Abstract]:The executive function of children's cognitive development in recent years has gradually become the hotspot of research and advanced this important field, especially on more specifically for preschool children do. Executive function can help children remember and use new information, focus attention, solve complex problems, round completed long but important task, how to plan and make a decision, and when necessary to make appropriate adjustments, consciousness and correct errors and control impulsive behavior we set goals and monitor their process in the target guidance. Overall, the domestic research on children's performance in the method is often adopted in several classical task to evaluate the the study, working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility of the three sub components of executive function for leave to smoke less, the lack of cross age stage on the object Study is usually in order to explore the key to the development of the different age stages separately to examine the children in the kindergarten period as a whole investigation study detailed changes of executive function of their learning and life happens less and less, the specialized research on this special group of children in rural areas do less. This study performs 7 executive function tasks function test software contains the survey of 210 3-6 year old city executive function of working memory in children with different age, gender and development characteristics of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility of three sub components, and use the SOP, SSS and FIS three tasks on 134 3-6 year old executive the function of rural children's age characteristics and gender differences, and through the comparison of city children and 131 age is to study the differences between them. Then through the questionnaire survey, from the children. The relationship between caregiver and child's mother, the highest educational level, family income per capita and electronic products using the four important evaluation index of family environment factors on the influence of executive function, development of urban and rural differences in children aged 3-6 years to carry out a preliminary study, the main caregivers and help educators better understand the development process of implementation factors the function and influence, and grasp the essential knowledge of early childhood development of executive function and promotion methods, can effectively apply the knowledge to the family and school education. The research results show that: 1. from the point of view, the main effect of age of urban and rural children aged 3-6 years in each task is significant, but the main effect of gender was not obviously, the age and gender interaction effect were not significant. The executive function is increased with age and increased the.2. executive function in the overall level of development. Don't test the difference was not significant 3-6 year old children in urban and rural men and women development level of executive function on equal 3. in the subjects of this study population, city children's correct rate of SOP test, SSS test and the correct rate of primary care FIS test accuracy were significantly higher than that of rural children.4. city children for parents, and take care of the children in rural areas mainly for grandparents or Grandpa grandmother, caregiver and child relationship in the SSS task reaction time, the correct rate of SOP task, SSS task and FIS task accuracy accuracy indicators were significantly different; the highest cultural city children's mother was obviously higher than that of the children's mother country highest cultural degree, the highest degree of mother culture in the FIS task accuracy indicators have significant difference; family income per capita was significantly higher than that of city children family children of rural per capita income, family income per capita in the SOP task the correct rate of SSS The correct rate of task and FIS task accuracy indicators were significantly different; number of city children often use electronic products slightly more than never or rarely used electronic products, and the number of rural children never or rarely use electronic products often use electronic products greatly exceed the number of electronic products used in the SSS task and FIS task correct correct rate index difference. To sum up city children aged 3-6 in working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility of three sub components of executive function tasks performed significantly better than children in rural areas, and the difference may be related to caregiver types, mother's education, family economic status and related factors of electronic products and so on. Suggestions for to promote the better development of executive function in children, parents should as far as possible to bring up their children, to improve their education and learn scientific parenting first The concept, the rational use of scientific and technological products, and the provision of adequate economic security for the development of children.

【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B842.1

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