儿童青少年自发特质联结和自发特质转移的性别刻板效应：性别图式的调节作用

发布时间：2018-03-17 12:16

本文选题：儿童青少年　切入点：自发特质联结　出处：《山东师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：关于自发特质推理的研究表明,个体直接观察到行为者的行为时,会自发地将由行为激活的特质与行为者建立联结,认为行为者具有该特质,这一现象被称为自发特质联结(spontaneous trait association,STA);当个体从第三者那里知道行为者的行为时,也会自发地将由行为激活的特质与陈述行为的第三者(谈话者)建立联结,这一现象被称为自发特质转移(spontaneous trait transferences,STT)。作为印象形成的重要方式,自发特质联结和自发特质转移是儿童适应社会的重要能力之一,研究儿童青少年自发特质联结和自发特质转移具有十分重要的意义。自发特质转移引起了研究者对二者内在加工过程的比较研究。关于二者加工过程一直存在两种观点,其一,二者同为简单联结过程;其二,自发特质联结是归因过程,自发特质转移是简单联结过程。关于二者的内在加工过程本质,至今仍无定论,需要更多的研究探讨。已有对自发特质联结和自发特质转移的比较研究大都以成人为被试,只有少数以儿童青少年为被试进行的发展研究。为了进一步探讨二者内部加工过程的本质,有必要从发展的角度,采用发展研究的方法检验已有的以成人为被试的研究。因此,本研究以9-14岁儿童青少年为被试,同时考察自发特质联结和自发特质转移现象。社会认知过程是认知者和认知对象交互作用的结果,所以有必要从认知者和认知对像两个角度,考察自发特质联结和自发特质转移。已有研究曾从认知对像的角度,同时考察了由行为者的社会标签(如性别)激活的社会刻板印象,对儿童青少年自发特质联结和自发特质转移的影响。但是这项研究并未系统地考察不同年龄个体的自发特质联结和自发特质转移过程受性别刻板印象的影响的发展趋势。关于性别刻板印象的研究指出,个体在2岁左右就表现出性别刻板印象。但年龄较小的儿童对性别的认识较为僵化,童年中期他们对性别的认识又开始变得较为灵活,而到了青春期,由于性意识的觉醒其又再次僵化(Blakemore;2003;Ruble,Martin Berenbaum,2006)。然而对于儿童青少年来说,性别刻板印象对不同年龄个体自发特质联结和自发特质转移的影响,是否因灵活性的不同而存在差异是该领域一直未探讨的重要问题。因此本研究以9-14岁儿童青少年为被试,系统考察二者性别刻板效应的年龄特点,填补这方面的理论空白。另外,从发展的角度,系统地比较性别刻板印象对二者的影响的年龄差异,可以为比较二者的加工过程提供认知对象角度方面的证据。已有关于自发特质联结和自发特质转移的发展性研究中,并未从认知者的角度,对自发特质联结和自发特质转移进行比较研究。性别图式理论认为,个体根据性别维度加工信息的程度是不同的,与非图式化个体相比,图式化个体更倾向于根据性别维度加工信息,对性别信息也更敏感。有研究曾发现,性别刻板印象对不同性别图式类型个体的社会认知过程的影响是存在差异的。鉴于此,本研究在研究1的基础上,考察自发特质联结和自发特质转移中的性别刻板效应,在不同性别图式个体之间是否存在差异,同时从知觉者的角度为二者内在过程的本质提供新的依据。综上所述,本研究拟采用错误再认范式系统考察9岁、10岁、11岁、12岁、13岁、14岁儿童青少年自发特质联结和自发特质转移中的性别刻板效应,以及性别图式在自发特质联结和自发特质转移中的性别刻板效应中所起的调节作用。对上述问题的研究有助于我们较为全面、深入地了解儿童青少年自发特质联结和自发特质转移的发展情况,同时为揭示二者内在过程本质提供新的证据。本研究有以下主要结论:1 9-14岁儿童青少年均可以进行自发特质联结,自发特质联结的程度在9-11岁期间逐渐增强,11岁达到最高水平,之后缓慢下降;在9-14岁儿童青少年均可以进行自发特质转移,但自发特质转移的强度不随年龄的变化而变化。2 9-14岁儿童青少年的自发特质联结存在性别刻板效应,且存在显著的年龄差异。具体表现为,与行为者行为符合其性别激活的刻板信息时,9岁组儿童的自发特质联结受到了促进,反之,9岁组儿童的自发特质联结未受到阻碍;10岁儿童的自发特质联结中不存在性别刻板效应;11岁、12岁、13岁、14岁组4个年龄组的儿童青少年自发特质联结中的性别刻板效应均表现为,行为者行为不符合其性别激活的刻板信息时,个体的自发特质联结受到了阻碍,反之,个体的自发特质联结未受到促进。3 9-14岁儿童青少年的自发特质转移中存在性别刻板效应,但不存在显著的年龄差异。具体表现为,行为者行为与谈话者性别激活的刻板信息一致时,9-14岁儿童青少年自发特质转移受到促进,反之,个体的自发特质转移受到阻碍。4自发特质联结中的性别刻板效应存在知觉者的个体差异,具体表现为性别图式在自发特质联结中性别刻板效应中起调节作用,只有性别图式化个体的自发特质联结受到性别刻板一致性的影响,性别非图式化个体的自发特质联结不受性别刻板印象的影响;自发特质转移中的性别刻板效应不存在知觉者的个体差异。
[Abstract]:Study on spontaneous trait inference that the individual directly observed the behavior of actors, will spontaneously activated by the behavior characteristics and establish links with actors, actors think the trait, this phenomenon is known as spontaneous trait association (spontaneous trait, association, STA); when the individual from the third to know where the actors when will the trait spontaneously activated by behavior and statement behavior third (talk) to establish connection, this phenomenon is known as spontaneous trait transfer (spontaneous trait transferences, STT). As an important way of impression formation, spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer is one of the most important social adaptation ability in children study on children and adolescents, spontaneous trait association and has very important significance. Spontaneous trait transfer caused by the transfer of spontaneous trait of the two internal process A comparative study on the two process. There are two views, one, two with simple coupling process; second, spontaneous trait association is the attribution process, spontaneous trait transfer is simple coupling process. The internal processing process about the nature of the two, there is no final conclusion, the need to explore more of existing research. Spontaneous trait association and a comparative study on the characteristics of metastasis in most adult subjects is spontaneous, only a few of the subjects to the development of children and adolescents. In order to further explore the nature of the two internal processes, it is necessary from the angle of development, the development of the existing test methods with adults as subjects. Therefore, in this study, 9-14 children and adolescents were also investigated spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer phenomenon. Social cognition is a cognitive and cognitive object is the result of the interaction between the It is necessary to cognitive and cognitive like from two angles, on spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer. The existing research has to like from the cognitive angle, was also investigated by social actors label (such as sex) activation of social stereotypes on children and adolescents' spontaneous trait association and the effects of spontaneous trait transfer. But the study did not systematically study linking spontaneous trait of individuals of different ages and the development trend of the effect of spontaneous trait transfer process by gender stereotypes. Studies on gender stereotypes that showed gender stereotypes in individuals around the age of 2. But the younger children's understanding of gender is relatively rigid, middle childhood their understanding of gender began to become more flexible, and reached puberty, due to the consciousness of the rigid again (Blakemore; 2003; Ruble, Martin Berenbaum, 200 6). However, for young children, gender stereotypes of individuals of different ages and characteristics of spontaneous trait association effects of spontaneous metastasis, whether because of the flexibility of the differences is an important issue in the field has not been discussed. So in this study the adolescent children aged 9-14 years were tested, the age characteristics of exploring the two gender system the effect of stereotype, fill the blank of the theory. In addition, from the angle of development, age difference and systematic comparison of gender stereotypes on the two, to provide the evidence of cognitive perspective of object processing can be compared with the two. The spontaneous trait association of research and development of spontaneous trait transfer. Not from the cognitive point of view, the spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer were studied. That the gender schema theory, individual according to the gender dimension is the degree of information processing Different, compared with the non individual individual schema, schema is more inclined to the gender dimension according to the information processing, but also more sensitive to gender information. Research has found that the influence of gender stereotype on different gender schema types of individual social cognitive process is different. In view of this, this study based on 1 Study on spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transference in gender stereotypes effect, whether there are differences between different gender schema individuals, from the angle of perception and provide a new basis for the intrinsic nature of the two process. To sum up, this study intends to use the wrong recognition paradigm investigated 9 years old, 10 years old 11 years old, 12 years old, 13 years old, and 14 year old children and adolescents spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transference in gender stereotypes effect, and gender schema in spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer in gender effect in the moment board The moderator. The study of these issues will help us a more comprehensive, in-depth understanding of children and adolescents spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait development transfer, and provide new evidence for understanding the nature of the two internal process. This study has the following main conclusions: 19-14 year old children and adolescents can be spontaneous trait association. Spontaneous trait association degree increased gradually in 9-11 years, 11 years to reach the highest level, then decreased slowly; in the 9-14 year old children and adolescents can be spontaneous trait transfer, but the transfer of spontaneous trait strength does not change with age and connection of spontaneous trait changes.2 9-14 year old children and adolescents are gender stereotypes effect, and age significant differences in the specific performance, consistent with its gender stereotype activation information and actor behavior, linking spontaneous trait of 9 years old children have been promoted, On the other hand, coupling spontaneous trait of 9 years old children is not hindered; the gender stereotypes effect does not exist linking spontaneous trait of children aged 10 11 years old, 12 years old; 13 years old, 14 years old group, 4 age groups of children and adolescents' spontaneous trait association in the gender stereotypes effect for the performance of both actors, does not conform to the gender stereotype activation information, linking the individual spontaneous trait is hindered, on the other hand, the individual is not spontaneous trait association to promote gender stereotypes effect transfer spontaneous trait.3 9-14 years old children, but there is no significant age difference. For specific performance, actors behavior and gender stereotype activation information conversation consistent, 9-14 year old children and adolescents spontaneous trait transfer is promoted, on the other hand, individual differences in spontaneous trait individual transfer hindered the gender stereotypes effect.4 spontaneous trait association exists in the perception of the most The performance for gender schema play a regulatory role in the spontaneous trait association of gender stereotypes effect, only individual schema gender spontaneous trait association influenced by gender stereotype consistent, effects of coupling sex individual non spontaneous trait schema is not affected by gender stereotypes; there is no individual difference in perception of the gender stereotypes effect spontaneous trait in the transfer.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B844

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