不同特质焦虑水平者对情绪面孔的注意瞬脱效应

发布时间：2018-04-24 22:34

本文选题：特质焦虑 + 注意瞬脱　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：现代社会是个信息社会,我们的生活中充斥着大量的信息,这些信息每时每刻都在发生变化,由于人类神经系统的注意资源是有限的,这些信息中只有很少的一部分能够通过感觉得到大脑的加工并且形成工作记忆表征,因此只有那些重要和有意思的信息才会被注意选择并得到加工,其余的无关信息则会被忽略掉。怎样选择有用的信息是心理过程的重要问题,注意瞬脱是从时间进程上来研究选择性注意,通常采用快速序列视觉呈现(rapid serial visual presentation, RSVP)范式。在该范式中,快速连续地呈现一系列刺激,这个刺激流中包含了两个目标刺激(在此称之为T1和T2),刺激流中的其他刺激则被视为分心物。如果两个任务相关的目标刺激在时间上距离较近,第二个目标可利用的注意资源将非常有限,这一现象被称为注意瞬脱。如果两者之间的时间延迟为200ms-500ms,对第二个目标识别的正确率将会降低。特质焦虑是是一种稳定的人格特质,它是在焦虑倾向上所表现出的相对持久的稳定的个体差异,即把一个外界刺激环境知觉为危险的或有威胁的倾向,以及对这个威胁可能产生状态焦虑反应的倾向。特质焦虑与注意多年来一直为研究者所关注,近年来更成为学界的一个热点问题,但是大多的研究集中空间维度上,时间维度上的研究很少。因此,本研究将采用注意瞬脱范式,从时间维度上考察高低特质焦虑个体对情绪性面孔的选择性注意。本研究将采用面孔-面孔通道,在RSVP实验中,每个刺激的呈现时间均为83ms,分心刺激为倒立的中性面孔。本研究由三个正式研究组成,分别从T1、T2的情绪类型深入探讨不同特质焦虑水平者的注意瞬脱效应。研究一,采用STAI-T对被试进行施测,根据得分取正负一个标准差以外的被试分别作为高低特质焦虑组,筛选出76名被试,其中高特质焦虑组39人,低特质焦虑组36人。采用RSVP双任务范式,研究T1为不同的情绪类型时,高低特质焦虑组的注意瞬脱效应。前人用空间线索范式研究注意偏向得出的结论是焦虑个体对负性信息的注意偏向是由于对负性信息的脱离困难。因此假设高焦虑个体对T1愤怒刺激的脱离困难将导致T2很难得到加工,因而更大程度地提高了注意瞬脱量。T1为性别判断任务,因此对情绪的加工应为内隐的加工,T2采用侦测任务。研究二,采用RSVP单任务范式,要求被试忽视T1位置的情绪刺激,考察愤怒情绪对高低特质焦虑者对靶刺激(T)的识别。实验中情绪性刺激是关键干扰刺激,与任务无关,一旦引起被试的注意就是自下而上的,实验考察的是刺激驱动的注意能力,进一步探讨在没有目标导向的前提下,高特质焦虑个体会不会自动的给愤怒面孔分配更多的资源。研究三,采用RSVP双任务范式,研究T2为不同的情绪类型时,情绪刺激在注意资源缺乏的条件下对高低特质焦虑个体有意注意的捕获。T1采用性别判断任务,T2采用情绪判断任务。本研究结果表明： (1)愤怒刺激作为T1,显著增强了注意瞬脱效应。 (2)愤怒刺激作为任务无关的干扰刺激会降低靶刺激的反应正确率。 (3)愤怒刺激作为T2,出现了显著的注意瞬脱对抗效应。 (4)高特质焦虑个体对T2或T的识别正确率整体上低于低特质焦虑者。 (5)高特质焦虑个体对威胁性刺激的注意瞬脱的内在机制为对威胁信息的注意解脱困难。
[Abstract]:Modern society is an information society, our life is full of information, this information is changing every moment, because the attention resources of the human nervous system are limited, only a few of these information can be processed by the sense of the brain and form working memory representation. The choice and processing of interesting information will be chosen and processed, and the other unrelated information will be ignored. How to select useful information is an important issue in the psychological process, and attention is paid to the selective attention from the time process, usually using the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. In this paradigm, a series of stimuli are presented quickly and continuously, which contains two target stimuli (called T1 and T2), and the other stimuli in the stimulation flow are considered as distractors. If the two task related target stimuli are closer to the time, the second targets can be used for a limited amount of attention. The phenomenon is called attention blink. If the time delay between them is 200ms-500ms, the correct rate of second target recognition will be reduced.
Trait anxiety is a stable personality trait. It is a relatively persistent, stable individual difference shown in the anxiety tendency, that is, a tendency to stimulate the environment to be dangerous or threatening, as well as the inclination to the possible state anxiety response to this threat. Trait anxiety and attention have been studied for years. In recent years, it has become a hot issue in the academic field, but most of the research focuses on the spatial dimension, and there are few studies on the time dimension. Therefore, this study will use the attention transient paradigm to examine the selective attention to emotional faces of high and low trait anxiety individuals from the time dimension.
In this study, the face face channel was used in the RSVP experiment. In the RSVP experiment, the time of each stimulus was 83ms and the distraction was neutral. This study was made up of three formal studies. From the emotional types of T1 and T2, the attentional blink of different trait anxiety levels was investigated.
In Study 1, STAI-T was used to test the subjects, and 76 subjects were selected as high and low trait anxiety groups according to the scores of positive and negative standard deviation. Among them, 39 people with high trait anxiety and 36 in low trait anxiety group. The RSVP double task paradigm was used to study T1 as a different emotional type and the attention transients of high and low trait anxiety groups. It is concluded that the attention bias of the anxious individuals to negative information is due to the difficulty of disengagement of negative information. Therefore, it is assumed that the disengagement of the T1 anger stimulus to the high anxiety individuals will lead to the difficulty of processing the T2, thus increasing the attention to the.T1 of the attention transients to a greater extent. Do not judge the task, so the processing of emotion should be implicit processing, and T2 uses the task of detection.
The study two, using the RSVP single task paradigm, asked the subjects to ignore the emotional stimuli of the T1 position and examine the identification of the high and low trait anxiety by the high and low trait anxiety (T). In the experiment, the emotional stimulus is the key interference stimulus, which is irrelevant to the task. Once the attention is paid to the subjects, it is from the bottom to the top, and the experimental investigation is the stimulus driven attention energy. It is further explored that under the premise of no goal orientation, high trait anxiety does not automatically allocate more resources to angry faces.
In study three, the RSVP dual task paradigm was used to study T2 for different emotional types. In the condition of lack of attention resources, emotional stimuli were intended to capture.T1 by sex judgment task and T2 used emotional judgment task.
The results of this study show that:
(1) anger stimulation as T1 significantly enhanced attentional blink effect.
(2) anger stimulus as a task independent interference stimulus can reduce the response accuracy of target stimuli.
(3) anger stimulation, as T2, has a significant attentional blink antagonistic effect.
(4) the recognition accuracy of T2 or T of high trait anxiety individuals was lower than that of low trait anxiety subjects.
(5) the intrinsic mechanism of attentional blink in high trait anxiety individuals is the difficulty in relieving threat information.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842.6

【参考文献】