记忆的谷歌效应：认知与神经机制

发布时间：2018-04-30 14:55

本文选题：人-计算机系统 + 分布式记忆　；参考：《华中师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：计算机及互联网已经成为人类获取和存储各种信息的重要工具。人-计算机系统下的信息有其独特的特点,这便对人类对人机情境下信息的记忆等认知加工能力提出了新的要求；而这些变化可能在一定程度上塑造着人脑。Sparrow,Liu,Wegner(2011)的研究表明,人-计算机系统成为了人类分布式记忆系统的一个重要组成部分。他们的研究结论被称为“谷歌效应”。尽管该研究在学术界有广泛的影响力,但是其存在不少局限性。在此研究的基础上,本研究进一步探讨了记忆谷歌效应的认知加工特点及神经机制。实验一考察了人类对信息存储路径的记忆不单纯是语义记忆,还涉及对文件视觉空间信息的记忆。首先要求被试学习一系列文档中的40个句子。他们被告知这些信息对于解决后续阶段的问题很重要,须认真学习。稍后的测试阶段,要求被试对各个句子存储的路径进行再认。一种条件下各级路径文档的名称已去掉,而只保留其视空间位置；另一种条件下只向被试呈现各级路径的名称。实验结果发现：两种条件下被试的再认准确率均显著高于随机水平,验证了实验假设。实验二考察了在现实情境下“谷歌效应”是否依旧存在。A组被试被告知学习完一系列文档中的40个句子后,它们会被删除；B组被试被告知随后解决相关问题时仍可回这些文件夹检索信息。这些句子被编写为40个填空题。随后要求被试填写20个题目的答案并搜索另外20个题目的存储路径。结果发现：A组被试填空的正确率显著更高,但是他们信息检索的行为绩效更差,验证了实验假设。实验三利用脑电技术研究了人类对计算机存储的汉语句子及其路径进行回忆时的神经机制。首先要求被试学习一系列文件夹和文档中的60个句子。测试阶段他们需要回忆某条句子的内容或者存储它的路径。十分钟分心任务后,被试完成该测试。ERP结果发现：无论是回忆内容还是路径,左侧额颞叶均诱发一个与语义记忆信息提取相关的N400成分,但前者波幅更负；但是,回忆路径时在顶枕叶诱发了一个波幅更大的正慢波、在右侧额叶诱发了一个更负的ERP负成分。本研究揭示了人机分布式记忆系统中人类回忆句子内容和存储该信息的路径时不同的认知与神经加工机制,为探讨计算机或互联网使用对人类脑功能及脑机构的塑造提供了一定证据。
[Abstract]:Computers and the Internet have become an important tool for people to access and store all kinds of information. The information in human-computer system has its unique characteristics, which puts forward new requirements for human cognitive processing ability such as memory of information in man-machine situation, and these changes may to some extent shape the human brain. Human-computer system has become an important part of human distributed memory system. Their findings are called the Google effect. Although the research has wide influence in academia, it has many limitations. On the basis of this study, we further explore the cognitive processing characteristics and neural mechanism of the memory Google effect. In the first experiment, we investigate that the memory of information storage path is not only semantic memory, but also the memory of visual spatial information. Participants were first asked to learn 40 sentences in a series of documents. They were told that the information was important for solving problems in the subsequent stage and must be carefully studied. Later in the test phase, participants were asked to recognize the paths stored in each sentence. In one case, the names of all levels of path documents have been removed, but only the visual space positions of the documents are retained; in the other case, the names of all levels of paths are presented only to the subjects. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the two conditions is significantly higher than that of the random level, which verifies the experimental hypothesis. Experiment two examined whether the "Google effect" still existed in real situations. Group A subjects were told to learn 40 sentences in a series of documents. They will be deleted group B subjects told to resolve the related issues later can still return to these folders to retrieve information. These sentences are written into 40 blanks. Participants were then asked to fill out answers to 20 questions and search for storage paths for another 20 questions. The results showed that the correct rate of filling in the blanks was significantly higher in group 1: a, but the performance of information retrieval was worse, which verified the hypothesis of the experiment. In experiment 3, the neural mechanism of human memory of Chinese sentences and their paths was studied by using EEG technique. Participants were first asked to learn 60 sentences in a series of folders and documents. During the test phase, they need to recall the contents of a sentence or store its path. After 10 minutes of distraction task, the subjects completed the test. ERP results showed that the left frontotemporal lobe induced a N400 component related to semantic memory information extraction, but the amplitude of the former was more negative; however, A larger positive slow wave was induced in the parietal occipital lobe and a more negative ERP negative component in the right frontal lobe. This study reveals different cognitive and neural processing mechanisms for human recall of sentence content and the path in which the information is stored in a human-computer distributed memory system. It provides some evidence for the study of human brain function and brain structure by using computer or Internet.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842.3

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