积极情绪和奖励动机对无意识认知稳定性与灵活性权衡的影响

发布时间：2018-06-07 09:48

本文选题：认知控制 + 认知的稳定性与灵活性权衡　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：认知控制是个体以适应环境为目的,以当前目标或者任务为导向而调整自己的行为方式、认知偏向和决策风格的能力。作为个体行为方式和认知加工的内部机制,认知控制的过程既要求个体在面对干扰刺激时能专注于目标,也要求个体能根据环境要求灵活调整自己的行为反应和认知方式。对认知控制的稳定性与灵活性权衡的相关研究是近年来心理学领域的研究热点。目前,国内外已经有很多研究探讨积极情绪和奖励在认知稳定性与灵活性上的影响及其神经机制,并达成了较为一致的观点,即积极情绪促进认知的灵活性,奖励刺激促进认知的稳定性。同时也初步揭示了多巴胺系统、蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素系统、杏仁核等脑区和神经递质在认知加工中的关键作用。然而部分研究得出了不同的结论,这可能是由刺激的呈现方式和任务设置的不同等多种因素导致的。根据已有的研究,我们已经观察到积极情绪和奖励在认知控制的加工过程中既有分离效应又有相似作用,其实际影响会因实验范式、任务相关性、能否被个体意识到等多种因素而产生差异。为了扩展认知控制的研究范围并进一步探明其与积极情绪和奖励之间的关系,本研究采用无意识版本的冲突任务转换范式,以Goschke效应为因变量指标,尝试以系列实验的方式来探讨积极情绪的表现相关性和奖励动机对无意识刺激诱发的认知的稳定性与灵活性的影响与有意识状态下的异同。正式实验采用三因素被试内实验设计,以不同效价的情绪图片与不同量级的奖励组合构成不同的实验条件,首先阈下呈现启动刺激,再要求被试对目标刺激进行反应以完成两个不同简单任务的转换,接着进行迫选实验以保证掩蔽操作的有效性,最后分析比较不同实验条件的反应时、错误率和Goschke值以得出结论。实验结果:1、预实验得到了显著的Goschke效应(p0.01),说明无意识条件下存在Goschke效应,我们的实验操作是可行的;2、表现无关积极情绪能促进个体的认知灵活性(p0.05),表现相关积极情绪能促进个体的认知稳定性(p0.05);3、奖励能促进个体的认知稳定性(p=0.056)。以上结果表明:在无意识刺激诱发状态下,积极情绪和奖励同样会影响认知控制的加工过程,积极情绪会促进认知的灵活性,奖励动机会促进认知的稳定性,但在积极情绪中加入奖励刺激会使得个体的认知加工更偏向于稳定。综上所述,积极情绪和奖励动机这两个因素在认知控制上的作用并不稳定,它们既可以增强也可以妨碍个体的行为表现。我们的研究提供了一种新思路,把认知控制的研究范围扩展到了无意识领域,进一步加深了对积极情绪、奖励动机和认知控制三者之间关系的认识,强调了深入研究认知控制的不同影响因素的重要性。未来的研究还需要运用f MRI、ERP和f NIRS等技术来进一步探索它们之间的关系与神经机制。
[Abstract]:Cognitive control is the ability of individuals to adjust their behavior, cognitive bias and decision-making style in order to adapt to the environment and to adapt to the current goal or task. As an internal mechanism of individual behavior and cognitive processing, the process of cognitive control requires individuals to focus on their goals in the face of interference stimuli, and to adjust their behavioral responses and cognitive styles flexibly according to the requirements of the environment. The balance between stability and flexibility of cognitive control is a hot topic in the field of psychology in recent years. At present, there have been many studies at home and abroad to explore the effects of positive emotions and rewards on cognitive stability and flexibility and their neural mechanisms, and have reached a more consistent view, that is, positive emotions promote cognitive flexibility. Reward stimuli promote cognitive stability. The key roles of dopamine system, locus coeruleus norepinephrine system, amygdala and neurotransmitters in cognitive processing were also revealed. However, some studies have drawn different conclusions, which may be caused by different factors of the presentation of stimulus and task setting. Based on previous studies, we have observed that positive emotions and rewards have both a separate effect and a similar effect in the process of cognitive control, and their actual effects may be due to the experimental paradigm and task relevance. Whether it can be realized by the individual and so on many factors and so on produces the difference. In order to expand the scope of cognitive control and further explore the relationship between cognitive control and positive emotions and rewards, this study adopts the unconscious version of conflict task transformation paradigm, using the Goschke effect as the dependent variable. A series of experiments were conducted to explore the effects of positive emotion performance correlation and reward motivation on cognitive stability and flexibility induced by unconscious stimulation as well as the similarities and differences in conscious state. The formal experiment was designed with three factors in the subjects, and different experimental conditions were formed by different emotion pictures with different titers and different levels of rewards. First, the subthreshold priming stimulus was presented. The subjects were then asked to react to the target stimulus to complete the conversion of two different simple tasks, and then forced selection experiments were conducted to ensure the effectiveness of the masking operation. Finally, the response of different experimental conditions was analyzed and compared. Error rate and Goschke value to draw conclusions. The result of the experiment was: 1: 1. The significant Goschke effect, p0.01, was obtained in the preexperiment, indicating the existence of the Goschke effect in the unconscious. Our experiment is feasible. Expressing independent positive emotion can promote individual's cognitive flexibility, performance related positive emotion can promote individual's cognitive stability, reward can promote individual's cognitive stability, and reward can promote individual's cognitive stability. The results show that in the state of unconscious stimulation, positive emotion and reward will also affect the process of cognitive control, positive emotion will promote cognitive flexibility, and reward motivation will promote cognitive stability. But adding reward stimuli to positive emotions makes individual cognitive processing more stable. In conclusion, two factors, positive emotion and reward motivation, play an unstable role in cognitive control, which can not only enhance or hinder the behavior of individuals. Our research provides a new way to extend the study of cognitive control to the unconscious, further deepening the understanding of the relationship between positive emotion, reward motivation and cognitive control. The importance of studying the different influencing factors of cognitive control is emphasized. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the relationship and neural mechanism between them by using the techniques of f MRI ERP and f NIRS.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842.6

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