公平加工中主体间的不对称性效应及其机制

发布时间：2018-06-09 23:59

本文选题：公平 + 优劣势地位　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：公平是人类社会生活中的重要概念,对公平相关主题的研究一直以来都是社会决策领域关注的重点。目前,在公平相关主题的研究中,研究者们往往通过博弈任务(如最后通牒博弈)来简化现实生活中的复杂公平行为,从而对公平相关的心理机制、神经机制以及进化机制进行了深入广泛的探讨。然而,这些简化的博弈任务往往忽视了在公平加工中主体间本身可能就存在着诸如资源、权力等不对称(相对优势或劣势)地位的差异。Van Lange等人(2013)认为,个体间的这种不对称地位不仅在现实生活极为普遍,而且在社会决策的研究中有着特殊的意义。尤其是在公平加工中,不对称性地位使得个体间在公平决策前已经存在着不对等的地位,因此,对主体间不对称效应的探讨将有利于进一步明晰人类在复杂社会情境中的公平行为。基于以上分析,本研究把这一“不对称性”概念引入公平加工的研究中,拟考察博弈主体间不对称性地位对公平加工的影响。在不对称的社会决策情境中,由于个体间初始资源的拥有或是收益的分配的差异,每个个体都将处于一种相对优势或劣势的位置。在这种优/劣势地位中,有些是可逆的、相对不稳定的,例如暂时的经济资源,它可能随着时间的变化而发生逆转；而有些是不可逆的、相对稳定的,如生理疾病(肢体残疾等),它在大多数情况下很少发生逆转。而这种优/劣势地位的相对稳定性被认为将显著影响个体的社会决策行为(ManerMead,2010)。因此,在本研究中,将分别从经济资源——可逆性优/劣势,和生理正常/残疾——不可逆性优/劣势两方面探讨公平加工中主体间的不对称性效应及其机制。研究一以经济资源——可逆性优/劣势为切入点,探讨了公平加工中主体间经济资源的不对称性效应及其机制。在研究中,为了避免声誉效应等,设置了4人匿名互动的多轮最后通牒博弈任务(Ultimatum Game, UG),即每轮博弈由电脑随机组合2人完成,并通过变化被试所拥有的初始资金的相对数量来操作初始资源的相对优/势差异。结果发现,与控制地位相比,优势地位下的个体对不公平提议的拒绝率显著降低,而劣势地位下的个体对不公平提议的拒绝率显著提高,即呈现出“优势者”效应和“劣势者”效应。其中,产生“优势者”效应的机制是,优势地位使得个体在博弈互动中处于有利地位,这种有利地位促使优势者即使面对较小份额的提议方案也抱有更积极的公平性判断,进而增加了优势者对不公平提议的接受率。而“劣势者”效应的产生机制是,劣势地位使得个体处于群体中的不利地位,这种不利地位促使劣势者在面对他人所提出的较小份额的方案时诱发出更强烈的消极情绪唤醒,而正是由于这种强烈的消极情绪唤醒最终导致劣势者更倾向于拒绝不公平的提议方案。此外,社会价值取向对公平加工中主体间经济资源的不对称性效应具有调节作用。也就是说,“优势者”效应和“劣势者”效应分别主要表现在亲社会价值取向和亲自我价值取向的个体上。研究二以生理正常/残疾——不可逆性优/劣势为切入点,探讨了公平加工中主体生理正常/残疾的不对称性效应及其机制。在研究二中,依然设置了4人匿名互动的多轮最后通牒博弈任务,并通过招募正常被试和肢体残疾被试来设置和区分个体所处的优/劣势地位,并考察这种相对稳定的生理优/劣势地位是否影响个体的公平决策。结果发现,与控制地位相比,生理优势地位下的被试对不公平提议的拒绝率显著降低,即呈现出明显的“优势者”效应；同时,生理劣势地位下的个体对不公平提议的拒绝率也显著降低,产生了“反劣势者”效应。其中,产生“优势者”效应的机制可能部分由于优势地位使得个体在社会互动中处于有利地位,这种有利地位促使优势者即使面对较小份额的提议方案也抱有较为积极的公平性判断,进而增加了优势者对不公平提议的接受率。而关于“反劣势者”效应的产生机制,本研究认为它可能是由于生理劣势地位引发了个体自我中心的视角。综合以上2个实验的结果来看,本研究可以得出以下结论： (1)在UG决策中,相对于控制地位,处于优势地位的个体(包括经济资源上的优势和生理上的优势地位)对不公平提议的拒绝率显著降低,表现出明显的“优势者”效应。“优势者”效应的产生是由于优势地位促使个体对不公平提议方案抱有较为积极的公平性判断,进而减少了优势者对不公平提议的拒绝率。 (2)在UG决策中,相对于控制地位,处于经济资源劣势地位的个体对不公平提议的拒绝率显著增加,表现出“劣势者”效应。“劣势者”效应的产生机制是,劣势地位使得个体对不公平提议方案抱有强烈的消极情绪唤醒,从而导致劣势者更倾向于拒绝不公平的提议方案。而处于生理劣势地位的个体对不公平提议的拒绝率显著减少,表现出“反劣势者”效应。这可能是由于生理劣势地位引发了个体自我服务的偏好。 (3)社会价值取向对公平加工中主体间经济资源的不对称性效应具有调节作用。亲社会者在经济资源的相对优势地位中倾向于表现出“优势者”效应,而亲自我者则在经济资源的相对劣势地位中倾向于表现出“劣势者”效应。社会价值取向对公平加工中主体间生理正常/残疾的不对称效应的影响并不显著,即无论亲社会者,抑或亲自我者均呈现“优势者”效应和“反劣势者”效应。
[Abstract]:Fairness is an important concept in human social life, and the research on fair related topics has always been the focus of social decision-making. At present, in the study of fair related topics, researchers tend to simplify the complex and fair behavior in real life through game task (such as ultimatum game), so that it is related to fairness. Psychological mechanisms, neural mechanisms, and evolutionary mechanisms have been extensively explored. However, these simplified game tasks often ignore the differences between subjects themselves in fair processing, such as resources, power, and other asymmetries (relative superiority or inferiority),.Van Lange et al. (2013) believes that this asymmetry among individuals Status not only is very common in real life, but also has special significance in the study of social decision-making. Especially in fair processing, asymmetric status makes the individual have an unequal position before the fair decision. Therefore, the discussion of the asymmetric effect between the subjects will help to further clarify the human being in the complex society. Based on the above analysis, this study introduces this "asymmetry" concept into the research of fair processing, and intends to examine the effect of asymmetric status between game players on fair processing.
In an asymmetric social decision-making situation, each individual will be in a position of relative superiority or inferiority due to the difference between the ownership of an individual's initial resources or the distribution of the income. In such an excellent / inferior position, some are reversible and relatively unstable, such as temporary economic resources, which may occur with the change of time. Reversals; and some are irreversible and relatively stable, such as physical disease (physical disability, etc.), which are rarely reversed in most cases. And the relative stability of the superior / inferior position is considered to significantly affect the individual's social decision-making behavior (ManerMead, 2010). Therefore, in this study, the economic resources will be reversibility. Advantages and disadvantages, and physiological normal / disability - irreversible advantages / disadvantages are discussed in two aspects.
In the study, the asymmetric effect and mechanism of inter subjective economic resources in fair processing are discussed on the basis of economic resources - the advantage / disadvantage of reversibility. In order to avoid the reputation effect, the multi wheel ultimatum game task (Ultimatum Game, UG) of 4 people is set up, that is, each round of game is randomly composed of 2 computers. It is found that, compared with the control status, the rejection rate of the unjust proposal is significantly lower than that in the dominant position, and the rejection rate of the unjust proposal under the inferior position is significantly improved. "Superiority" effect and "inferiority" effect. Among them, the mechanism that produces the "advantage" effect is that the dominant position makes the individual advantageous in the game interaction. This advantageous position encourages the dominant person to have more positive fairness judgment even with the smaller share proposal, and then increase the unfairness of the dominant person. The mechanism of the "disadvantaged" effect is that the inferiority position makes the individual disadvantaged in the group, which causes the disadvantaged to induce a stronger passive arousal in the face of the smaller share proposed by others, which is the result of such a strong negative emotion. The disadvantaged are more inclined to reject unfair proposals. In addition, the social value orientation regulates the asymmetric effect of inter subjective economic resources in fair processing. In other words, the "dominant" effect and the "disadvantaged" effect are mainly manifested in the tropism of Pro social value and the individual of personal value orientation.
In the study two, the asymmetric effects and mechanisms of physical normal / disability in fair processing were discussed with physiological normal / disability as the breakthrough point. In the second study, the multi wheel ultimatum game task of 4 people was still set up anonymously, and it was set up by recruiting normal subjects and body disability subjects. It is found that, compared with the control status, the rejection rate of the unjust proposal is significantly lower than that of the control status, that is, the obvious "predominance" effect is presented, and the physiological disadvantage status is at the same time. The rejection rate of unjust proposed individuals is also significantly reduced, resulting in the "anti disadvantaged" effect, in which the mechanism that produces the "dominant" effect may be partly due to superiority in social interaction, which encourages the advantaged to have a smaller share of the proposed scheme. For the positive fairness judgment, the acceptance rate of the unjust proposal is increased by the dominant person, and the mechanism of the "anti disadvantaged" effect is believed to have caused the individual self centred perspective because of the status of the disadvantaged position.
Based on the above 2 experiments, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) in the UG decision, the rejection rate of the unjust proposal is significantly reduced compared with the dominant position (including the advantage and the physiological dominance of the economic resources), showing an obvious "advantage" effect. The "dominant" effect is due to the dominance of the individual to the unjust proposal. There is a more positive judgment of fairness, which reduces the rate of rejection of unfair proposals by the superior.
(2) in the UG decision, relative to the control status, the rejection rate of unjust proposals in the inferior position of economic resources increases significantly and shows the "disadvantaged" effect. The mechanism of the "inferiority" effect is that the inferior position makes the individual have a strong passive arousal of the unjust proposal, which leads to the worse. There is a tendency to reject unfair proposals, while individuals at a physiological disadvantage have a significant reduction in the rejection rate of unfair proposals, showing the "anti disadvantaged" effect. This may be due to a preference for individual self service as a result of a physical disadvantage.
(3) social value orientation regulates the asymmetric effect of economic resources between subjects in fair processing. Pro socialists tend to show the "dominant" effect in the relative dominant position of economic resources, while the pro self tends to show a "inferiority" effect in the relative inferior position of economic resources. The effect of value orientation on the asymmetrical effect of physical normal / disability in fair processing is not significant, that is, both prosociable or personally present the "dominant" effect and the "anti disadvantaged" effect.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B849

【参考文献】