知觉负荷与工作记忆内容在选择性注意中的作用

发布时间：2018-06-24 19:50

本文选题：知觉负荷理论 + 稀释效应　；参考：《西南大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：日常生活中,为了更好的适应复杂多变的环境,选择性注意使个体将有限的注意资源集中于目标任务相关信息,同时忽视来自于任务无关信息的干扰。该过程中相应的认知和神经基础是认知心理学领域永恒的话题。影响选择性注意的因素很多,一方面,目标任务的知觉负荷水平是决定选择性注意的一个重要因素,并形成了知觉负荷理论(Lavie,1995;LavieTsal,1994)。该理论假设知觉能力是有限的,但能够自动加工所有的刺激直到加工资源耗尽。高知觉负荷任务耗尽了所有的注意资源因而没有多余的加工资源知觉无关分心物,因此来自于分心刺激的干扰消失;然而,在低知觉负荷情境下,任务相关加工所剩余的注意资源能够自发的“溢出”到无关分心刺激,对其进行加工,因此来自于分心刺激的干扰显著存在。另一方面,根据偏向竞争模型可知基于工作记忆内容的注意引导是影响选择性注意的另一个重要因素(Desimone,1998;DesimoneDuncan,1995;DuncanHumphreys,1989)。具体来说,当我们将某一客体保持在工作记忆当中时,会形成记忆模板,视觉搜索任务中与记忆模板匹配的客体能够自动引导注意,从而提高搜索有效性。本研究着眼于对知觉负荷领域和工作记忆引导领域的研究进行拓展并首次探究了两者共同对选择性注意产生影响的竞争交互机制。本研究首先采集行为数据探究了知觉负荷效应产生的实质原因(研究一),采用静息态f MRI的方法探讨了知觉负荷效应的个体差异及相应的神经机制(研究二)。其次,鉴于事件相关电位技术(ERP)的高时间分辨率,研究三探究了视觉工作记忆内容在早期视觉加工阶段对选择性注意的影响。最后,研究四将知觉负荷与工作记忆引导结合起来,分别运用ERP技术和任务态fMRI技术探究了两者在选择性注意中的竞争交互机制。研究一考察了高知觉负荷条件下来自分心刺激的干扰消失的本质原因。实验1采用与Lavie和De Fockert(2003)相同的实验设计,以假字作为非目标刺激,只是采用了具有中国特征(中国明星面孔和名字)的实验材料,结果发现能够重复前人的研究结果,在高知觉负荷条件下和低知觉负荷条件下来自分心刺激的干扰都存在。实验2在实验1的基础上引入稀释条件(同高知觉负荷条件,只是目标刺激用红色标记)且改成组间设计,结果与实验1相同,不论是高知觉负荷,低知觉负荷还是稀释条件下,来自名人面孔的干扰始终存在。实验3中将非目标刺激变成真正的中文字,增加了非目标与分心刺激的领域重叠性,结果发现,在低知觉负荷条件和高知觉负荷条件下,来自分心刺激的干扰依然存在,但在稀释条件下干扰消失。实验4中将非目标刺激变成真正的中国名字,使非目标与分心刺激的领域重叠度进一步增加,结果发现,来自分心刺激的干扰只在低知觉负荷条件下存在,在高知觉负荷条件和稀释条件下干扰消失。研究一结果表明,高知觉负荷条件下来自分心刺激干扰的消失是由于非目标刺激对分心刺激的稀释作用导致的,且该作用依赖于非目标刺激与分心刺激的领域重叠性程度。研究二考察了大脑自发神经活动强度(以ALFF为指标),静息功能连接(RSFC)与知觉负荷调节效应之间的关联。实验5采用经典的知觉负荷任务范式,结果发现,与知觉负荷调节效应显著相关的区域主要集中于注意网络和感觉皮层,包括辅助运动区,左侧枕下回和左侧额下回。其中,枕下回与额下回的静息功能连接与知觉负荷调节效应的个体差异显著相关。研究二结果表明,对来自于分心刺激的干扰作用的调节依赖于注意控制网络。研究三探究了视觉工作记忆内容对选择性注意的影响及其时程特点。实验6采用延迟匹配样本任务范式,以无意义图形作为工作记忆内容,行为结果发现匹配试次的搜索反应时慢于不匹配试次,表明了工作记忆内容对注意的捕获作用;ERP结果发现,在P1成分和N1成分上,匹配条件的波幅大于不匹配条件;s LORETA源定位结果发现,P1成分位于枕叶区域,N1成分位于顶叶区域;时频分析结果发现,alpha频带的能量在匹配条件下高于不匹配条件。研究三结果表明,工作记忆中的刺激再现导致了枕叶区域的激活增强,随后,由于注意的重新定向和视觉输入信息的竞争,这种早期的来自于工作记忆的注意捕获能够在N1阶段得到抑制,反映在alpha频带节律上。研究四探究了知觉负荷与工作记忆内容共同对选择性注意影响的时间动态和神经机制。实验7在实验6的基础上增加了知觉负荷水平且分心刺激具有凸显性,行为结果发现,低知觉负荷水平下匹配条件的反应时慢于不匹配条件,而高知觉负荷水平下匹配与不匹配条件的反应时没有明显差异;ERP结果发现,不论低知觉负荷还是高知觉负荷条件,匹配条件的P1波幅显著大于不匹配条件,然而在N1成分上,低知觉负荷条件下匹配条件的N1波幅大于不匹配条件,而高负荷条件下两者没有显著差异。sLORETA源定位结果发现,P1成分相关的效应位于枕叶区域,N1成分相关的效应位于顶叶区域。这些结果表明,在选择性注意中,保持在工作记忆中的信息能够在早期视觉加工阶段自动捕获注意,但是,这种早期的基于工作记忆内容的注意捕获受到知觉负荷水平的调节,高知觉负荷条件使工作记忆引导效应消失。实验8采用经典的延迟匹配样本任务范式,但分心刺激与目标任务是绑定在一起的,不具有凸显性,行为结果表明在低知觉负荷条件下,记忆匹配试次与中性试次的反应时没有显著差异,高负荷条件下记忆匹配试次的反应时显著慢于中性试次;fMRI结果表明负荷的主效应激活的区域主要分布在额叶,颞叶和枕叶区域;有效性的主效应激活的脑区主要分布在枕叶区域;负荷与有效性的交互效应激活的脑区主要分布在楔前叶部分。功能连接结果表明,在低知觉负荷条件下,楔前叶与枕叶区域呈正耦合;在高知觉负荷条件下,楔前叶与枕叶、额叶呈正耦合。楔前叶与额叶的耦合只在高知觉负荷条件下呈现,在低负荷条件下不存在。这些结果表明额叶-顶叶-枕叶通路的形成,是工作记忆引导效应产生的神经基础。本研究通过四个紧密相连的研究深入的揭示了知觉负荷与工作记忆内容各自对选择性注意的影响,更重要的是探究了两者在选择性注意中的竞争交互机制,扩展了已有研究,对两个领域进行了整合。首先,证实了高知觉负荷条件下,来自分心刺激的干扰的消失是由于非目标对分心刺激稀释的作用,支持了稀释模型。其次,指出大脑自发神经活动能够反映知觉负荷调节效应的个体差异,枕下回与额下回的功能连接性越强,知觉负荷调节效应越大,所受到的分心刺激的干扰越小。然后,发现视觉工作记忆内容能够自动引导注意,且最早发生在知觉加工阶段。最后,表明基于工作记忆内容的注意引导受到知觉负荷水平的调节,且两者的交互结果与分心刺激是否具有凸显性有关,当与记忆内容匹配的分心刺激具有凸显性时,不论是在低知觉负荷条件下还是高知觉负荷条件下,都能优先自动捕获注意,但随后高知觉负荷条件消除了这种引导效应;当与记忆内容匹配的分心刺激不具有凸显性时,高知觉负荷条件下额叶-顶叶-枕叶通路形成使基于工作记忆内容的引导效应出现;在低知觉负荷条件下,仅仅顶叶-枕叶的耦合不足以出现工作记忆引导效应。这些发现加深了我们对知觉负荷效应和工作记忆引导效应本质的理解,并首次揭示了知觉负荷与工作记忆引导共同影响选择性注意的时间动态和神经机制,弥补了这两个研究交叉领域的空白。
[Abstract]:In daily life, in order to better adapt to the complex and changeable environment, the selective attention is made to make the individual focus the limited attention on the relevant information of the target task, while ignoring the interference from the task unrelated information. The corresponding cognitive and neural basis in this process is the eternal topic in the field of cognitive psychology. On the one hand, the perceptual load level of the target task is an important factor that determines the selective attention, and forms the perceptual load theory (Lavie, 1995; LavieTsal, 1994). The theory assumes that the perceptual ability is limited, but it can automatically process all the stimuli straight to the processing resource. However, in the low perceptual load situation, the remaining attention resources of the task related processing can be spontaneous "spillover" to the unrelated distraction stimulation, and the interference from the distraction stimulus is significant. On the other hand, according to the biased competition model, the attention guidance based on working memory content is another important factor affecting selective attention (Desimone, 1998; DesimoneDuncan, 1995; DuncanHumphreys, 1989). Specifically, when we keep a certain object in working memory, we will form a memory template, visual search. The object that matches the memory template can automatically guide the attention to improve the search effectiveness. This study focuses on the development of the field of perceptual load and the field of working memory guidance and explores the competition interaction mechanism that the two are common to selective attention for the first time. The substantial causes of the perceptual load effect (Study 1) are studied. The individual difference and the corresponding neural mechanism of the perceptual load effect are studied by the resting state f MRI method (study two). Secondly, in view of the high temporal resolution of the event related potential technology (ERP), study three investigates the visual working memory content in the early visual processing stage. The effect of selective attention. Finally, study four combined the perceptual load and working memory guidance, and used ERP technology and task state fMRI technology to explore the competitive interaction mechanism between the two in selective attention. The first study examined the essential cause of the disappearance of the self distracted stimulus by the high perceptual load condition. Experiment 1 was used with L The same experimental design, avie and De Fockert (2003), used false words as non target stimuli, only using experimental materials with Chinese characteristics (Chinese star faces and names). The results were found to be able to repeat the results of previous studies. The interference of self distracting stimuli under high perceptual load conditions and low perceptual load conditions existed. Experiment 2 On the basis of Experiment 1, the dilution condition (with the same high perceptual load condition, only the red mark of the target stimulus) was changed into the group design, and the result was the same as that in the experiment 1. The interference from the celebrity face was always present, whether it was the high perceptual load, the low perceptual load or the dilution condition. In Experiment 3, the non target stimulus was turned into a real Chinese character. The results show that the interference from the distraction still exists under the condition of low perceptual load and high perceptual load, but the interference disappears under the dilution condition. In Experiment 4, the non target stimulus is turned into a real Chinese name, which makes the overlap between the non target and the distracted stimulation in the same way. The results showed that the interference from the distraction stimulus only existed under the low perceptual load condition, and the disturbance disappeared under the condition of high perceptual load and dilution. The result of the study shows that the disappearance of the distraction interference from the high perceptual load condition is due to the dilution effect of the non target stimulation on the distraction stimulation. Dependence on the degree of overlap between non target stimuli and distraction stimuli. Study two examined the relationship between the brain activity intensity (ALFF), resting function connection (RSFC) and perceptual load regulation effect. In Experiment 5, the classical perceptual load task paradigm was used, and the results were found to be significantly related to the perceived load regulation effect. The area mainly focused on the attention network and the sensory cortex, including the auxiliary motor area, the left occipital gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus. Among them, the resting function connection of the lower occipital and the lower frontal gyrus was significantly related to the individual difference of the perceptual load regulation effect. The study two results showed that the regulation of the interference from the distraction stimulus depended on attention. Control network. Study three explored the effect of visual working memory content on selective attention and its time history. In Experiment 6, the task paradigm of delayed matched sample task was used to use meaningless graphics as working memory content. The ERP results show that the amplitude of the matching condition is larger than the mismatch condition on the P1 component and the N1 component, and the s LORETA source location results show that the P1 component is located in the occipital lobe and the N1 component is located in the parietal lobe; the time frequency analysis results show that the energy of the alpha band is higher than the mismatch condition under the matching strip. The study three results showed that the work record was written. The recall of stimulation results in the activation enhancement in the occipital region. Subsequently, due to the reorientation of attention and the competition of visual input information, this early attention capture from working memory can be suppressed in the N1 phase and is reflected in the alpha band rhythm. Study four explored the common selection of perceptual load and working memory content. Experimental 7 increased the level of perceptual load on the basis of Experiment 6 and had a convex dominance on the basis of the experiment 6, and the results showed that the response of the matching condition at the low perceptual load level was slower than that of the mismatch condition, while the response of the matching and the mismatch condition under the high perceptual load level was not clear. The ERP results showed that the P1 amplitude of the matching condition was significantly greater than that of the mismatch condition, regardless of the low perceptual load or the high perceptual load condition. However, on the N1 component, the N1 amplitude of the matching condition under the low perceptual load condition was larger than that of the mismatch condition, and there was no significant difference between the.SLORETA source location results and the P1 component under the high load condition. The related effects are located in the occipital lobe area, and the N1 component related effects are located in the parietal area. These results suggest that in selective attention, information maintained in working memory can automatically capture attention at the early visual processing stage, but this early memory capture based on working memory accommodation is regulated by the level of perceptual load, The condition of high perceptual load disappears the working memory guidance effect. In Experiment 8, the classic delay matched sample task paradigm was used, but the distraction stimulus was bound to the target task and did not have a convex dominance. The behavior results showed that the response of the memory matching test to the neutral test was not significant, and the high load was high under the low perceptual load condition. The response of the memory matching test was significantly slower than that of the neutral test. The fMRI results showed that the main areas of the main effect of the load were mainly distributed in the frontal, temporal and occipital areas; the main effect of the main effect was mainly in the occipital lobe, and the brain regions activated by the interaction effect of load and effectiveness were mainly distributed in the part of the anterior wedge. The results of functional connection showed that under the condition of low perceptual load, the front leaves of the wedge were positively coupled to the occipital lobe, and the front leaves of the wedge were positively coupled to the occipital and frontal lobes under the high perceptual load. The coupling between the front and the frontal leaves was present only under the condition of high perceptual load and did not exist under the condition of low load. These results indicated that the frontal parietal lobes occipital lobe pathway Formation is the neural basis of the working memory guidance effect. In this study, four closely linked studies have been carried out to reveal the effects of perceptual load and working memory on selective attention, and more importantly, to explore the competitive interaction mechanism between the two in selective attention, to expand the existing research and to carry out the two fields. First, it is proved that the disappearance of the interference from the distraction stimulus is due to the dilution of the distractor stimulation under the condition of high perceptual load, which supports the dilution model. Secondly, it is pointed out that the spontaneous neural activity of the brain can reflect the individual difference of the perceptual load regulation effect. The stronger the functional connectivity of the lower occipital and the lower frontal gyrus, the stronger the perception. The greater the load regulation effect, the smaller the interference of the distraction stimulus. Then, it is found that the visual working memory content can automatically guide attention and first occur in the perceptual processing stage. Finally, it shows that the attention guidance based on the working memory content is subject to the level of perceptual load, and whether the interaction results of the two are with the distraction stimulus. There is a convex dominance. When the distraction that matches the memory content has a convex dominance, whether it is under the low perceptual load condition or the high perceptual load condition, it can capture attention automatically, but then the high perceptual load condition eliminates the guidance effect; when the distraction that matches the memory content does not have the convex dominance, it is high. Under the condition of perceptual load, the frontal parietal occipital lobe pathway formed a guiding effect based on working memory content. Under low perceptual load, only the coupling of the parietal lobes and occipital leaves was not sufficient to show the working memory guidance effect. These discoveries deepened our understanding of the perceptual load effect and the nature of the working memory guidance effect, and for the first time It reveals the time dynamics and neural mechanism of the influence of perceptual load and working memory guidance on selective attention, which makes up for the gaps between the two research fields.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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