依恋回避者安全依恋的形成条件及干预研究
发布时间：2018-09-05 07:54
【摘要】：安全依恋产生于婴儿期个体根据照料者(依恋对象)一贯的积极回应而对依恋对象总是会在自己面临威胁的时候可获得并且可提供支持的一种理解和信任。为了避免因为依恋对象的不可获得而导致的挫败感和痛苦感,一部分个体在成长过程中逐渐开始否定自己的依恋需求,他们倾向于独自处理面临的威胁,对依恋关系中的亲密感进行回避,和他人保持最大程度的认知、情感和身体距离,这一部分个体逐渐发展成为以抑制和回避为特征的依恋回避者。由于过去依恋对象总是对自己的亲密感需求敏感性低、忽视或拒绝,因此在依恋回避者的依恋内部工作模式中,他人是不回应的、不可信的,自己是不值得被关爱的。然而,依恋回避者的这种不安全的内部工作模式并不一定是稳定不变的,有研究者认为,依恋的内部工作模式会同化和顺应新的信息,并随之发生改变。有研究者认为,个体对过去经验的编码决定了将来如何对相似的经验进行加工,当遇到新的事件时,首先这个事件会作为意外事件被个体记录,但如果该事件不断重复发生,则一个新的图式就会建立起来。通常情况下,依恋回避是与对情感信息的认知和行为回避相联系的,而通过本研究的实验设计,依恋回避者能够在新关系建立过程中,每当面临威胁时都能够重复体验到安全的人际支持和回应。本研究通过反复在威胁性刺激下进行微笑面孔搜索的方式为依恋回避者重构新的安全依恋基地图式,获得关于其安全依恋形成条件的相关信息,关注这一方法所带来的效应及表现,以及探讨对依恋回避者的安全依恋形成进行干预的有效性。本研究的主体研究共包含两个部分,分别对依恋回避者安全依恋形成的条件和依恋回避者安全依恋形成的干预方法进行了考察。第一部分包含研究一至研究五。研究一考察了依恋回避者对应答性微笑面孔的选择性注意;研究二考察了应答性微笑面孔对依恋回避者情绪的调节作用,研究三考察的是依恋回避者积极情绪的启动效应;研究四考察了依恋回避者的安全依恋情感启动效应;研究五探究了依恋回避者安全依恋行为产生的可能性。该部分研究的主要发现有:第一,面临威胁会促进依恋回避者更快地从无关信息中搜索到应答性的微笑面孔,面临威胁是依恋回避者对他人的积极应答产生注意优势效应的前提条件,依恋回避者对求助对象的注意选择可能是在无意识基础上产生的。第二,威胁刺激会降低依恋回避者的积极情绪,也会提高依恋回避者的消极情绪,但如果在面临威胁时总是能够获得他人的积极应答,则会使得依恋回避者的积极情绪得到维持而消极情绪得到改善。第三,无论是否面临威胁,他人的积极应答都能够启动低回避者的积极情绪,而只有在面临威胁时,应答性微笑面孔才能够使高回避者获得积极情绪启动。第四,用反复在面临威胁时获得他人积极应答的方式为依恋回避者重构安全基地图式是有效的,安全基地图式的重构能够启动依恋回避者的安全依恋情感。第五,高依恋回避者对依恋情感信息存在普遍的回避,他们的这种回避倾向不会因为自己是否面临威胁而发生改变,而他人的积极情感应答会对高回避者的行为产生积极影响,通过安全基地图式的重构,依恋回避者能够产生向安全依恋情感信息进行趋近的行为倾向,这说明了高回避者的依恋行为倾向具有可变性。第二部分包含研究六和研究七,分别从行为和认知角度用不同的实验范式对依恋回避者安全依恋形成的可能性进行干预。研究六考察了用趋近/回避任务范式(approach-avoidancetask,aat)作为干预手段,对高依恋回避者行为倾向进行训练的有效性以及及其对人际交往中情绪的影响。研究六包含两个分实验,分实验一是对高回避者行为倾向的训练实验,分实验二是对分实验一训练效果的验证实验。研究七通过人际关系团体辅导的方法,对依恋回避者不安全的内部工作模式进行改善。这一部分研究的主要发现有:第一,高回避者的依恋回避程度越高,越容易产生对安全依恋情感信息的回避行为;趋近/回避任务范式(aat)是训练高回避者依恋行为的有效范式;高回避者能够通过行为训练产生对安全依恋情感信息的趋近行为,且训练效果均可以在相似的经验中得到维持;对安全依恋情感信息的趋近训练可以使高回避者在新的人际互动关系中获得更积极的情绪体验。第二,人际关系团体辅导能够提高依恋回避者的自尊水平,建立积极的自我模型;人际关系团体辅导能够提高依恋回避者对他人的容纳程度,建立积极的他人模型;人际关系团体辅导通过改变依恋回避者的认知模式,对其依恋内部工作模型起到了改善作用。综上,本研究的结果证明了,依恋回避者能够形成安全的依恋关系,用反复在威胁性刺激下进行应答性微笑面孔搜索的方式重构安全基地图式,是依恋回避者获得依恋安全感的关键,其中,威胁刺激、应答性微笑面孔以及搜索过程的重复是依恋回避者安全依恋形成的条件。并且,对依恋回避者的行为和认知进行干预,均能够促进其安全依恋关系的形成。本研究的创新之处体现在以下几个方面:其一是研究思路的创新,以为依恋回避者重构安全基地图式为基础,探讨其安全依恋形成的可能性;其二是研究方法的创新,用反复在威胁性刺激下对应答性微笑面孔进行搜索的方式来对依恋回避者进行安全基地图式重构,还原了安全依恋产生的最初过程(即在面临威胁时总能获得依恋对象的积极应答),较之以往研究所使用的其他安全依恋启动方法更具有生态学意义;其三是研究材料的创新,本研究并未使用依恋对象的面孔,而是用了陌生人的微笑面孔来代表他人的积极应答,并赋予了其安全依恋的意义,象征性地激活了依恋回避者的安全依恋表征,而陌生的微笑面孔作为实验材料对于探讨新的安全依恋关系建立过程是有价值的。其四的干预手段的创新,在依恋研究领域中,首次使用行为训练以及团体辅导的方式对不安全依恋者依恋风格的改变进行了探索,干预方法在实践中的可行性较强。
[Abstract]:Safety attachment arises from an infant's understanding and trust that a caregiver's consistent positive response to the attachment will always be available and supportive when faced with a threat. To avoid frustration and pain caused by the unavailability of the attachment, some individuals are successful. They tend to deal with threats alone, avoid intimacy in attachment relationships, and maintain maximum cognitive, emotional, and physical distance from others. These individuals gradually develop into attachment avoiders characterized by inhibition and avoidance. Objects are always insensitive to their own needs for intimacy, neglecting or refusing, so in the attachment avoider's internal work model, others are unresponsive, unreliable, and unworthy of care. However, this insecure internal work model of attachment avoider is not necessarily stable, some researchers believe. Researchers believe that the encoding of past experiences determines how similar experiences are processed in the future. When new events occur, the event is first recorded as an accident by the individual, but if the event recurs over and over again. In general, attachment avoidance is associated with cognitive and behavioral avoidance of emotional information. Through the experimental design of this study, attachment avoidance can repeatedly experience safe interpersonal support and response whenever faced with threats in the process of establishing new relationships. Repeated smiling face searches under threatening stimuli reconstruct a new safety attachment base schema for attachment avoiders, obtain relevant information about the formation conditions of their safety attachment, focus on the effects and performance of this method, and explore the effectiveness of intervention in the formation of safety attachment for attachment avoiders. The main body of the study consists of two parts: the conditions for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment and the intervention methods for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment. The third study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's positive emotion; the fourth study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's safe attachment emotion; the fifth study explored the possibility of safe attachment behavior of attachment avoidance. Confronting threats can promote attachment avoiders to search for responsive smiling faces from unrelated information more quickly. Confronting threats is the precondition for attachment avoiders to have attention superiority effect on other people's positive response. Attention selection of attachment avoiders to help-seeking objects may be unconscious. Secondly, threat stimulus can be induced. Reducing the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will also increase the negative emotions of attachment avoiders. However, if we can always get positive responses from others when facing threats, the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will be maintained and the negative emotions will be improved. Fourthly, it is effective to reconstruct the safety base schema for attachment avoiders by repeatedly obtaining positive responses from others in the face of threats. Reconstruction of the safety base schema can initiate attachment avoidance. Fifth, there is a general avoidance of attachment emotional information among high-attachment avoiders. Their avoidance tendencies will not change because of whether they are threatened or not, and the positive emotional response of others will have a positive impact on the behavior of high-avoidance. By reconstructing the safety base schema, attachment avoidance will be avoided. The second part includes six studies and seven studies, which intervene the possibility of safe attachment formation by different experimental paradigms from behavioral and cognitive perspectives. This study used approach-avoidance task (aat) as a means of intervention to train the behavior tendency of high-attachment avoiders and its effect on emotion in interpersonal communication. The main findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the higher the degree of attachment avoidance, the more likely the avoidance behavior to secure attachment emotional information is to occur; AAt is an effective paradigm to train high avoiders'attachment behavior; high avoiders can produce the approaching behavior to secure attachment emotional information through behavior training, and the training effect can be maintained in similar experience; the approaching training to secure attachment emotional information can make high avoiders in new interpersonal interaction relationship. Second, interpersonal group counseling can improve the self-esteem level of attachment avoiders and establish a positive self-model; interpersonal group counseling can improve the degree of acceptance of attachment avoiders to others and establish a positive model of others; interpersonal group counseling can change the cognition of attachment avoiders. In summary, the results of this study show that attachment avoidance can form a secure attachment relationship, and reconstructing the security base schema by repeatedly responding to threatening stimuli with smiling faces is the key to attachment avoidance. Hypochondriac stimulation, responsive smiling faces and repetition of search process are the prerequisites for the formation of attachment avoidance. Moreover, intervention in the behavior and cognition of attachment avoidance can promote the formation of their attachment relationship. The innovation of this study is reflected in the following aspects: First, the innovation of research ideas, for attachment. On the basis of reconstructing the security base schema of attachment evaders, the possibility of their security attachment formation is discussed. The second is the innovation of research methods, which reconstructs the security base schema of attachment evaders by searching the responding smiling faces repeatedly under threat stimuli, and restores the initial process of the security attachment formation (i.e. in the face). The third is the innovation of research materials. This study does not use the face of the attachment object, but uses the smiling face of strangers to represent the positive response of others, and gives them security. The significance of attachment symbolically activates the safe attachment representation of attachment avoiders, and unfamiliar smiling faces as experimental materials are valuable for exploring the process of establishing new safe attachment relationships. The attachment styles of attachment were explored, and the feasibility of intervention method in practice was strong.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842
，
本文编号：2223657
[Abstract]:Safety attachment arises from an infant's understanding and trust that a caregiver's consistent positive response to the attachment will always be available and supportive when faced with a threat. To avoid frustration and pain caused by the unavailability of the attachment, some individuals are successful. They tend to deal with threats alone, avoid intimacy in attachment relationships, and maintain maximum cognitive, emotional, and physical distance from others. These individuals gradually develop into attachment avoiders characterized by inhibition and avoidance. Objects are always insensitive to their own needs for intimacy, neglecting or refusing, so in the attachment avoider's internal work model, others are unresponsive, unreliable, and unworthy of care. However, this insecure internal work model of attachment avoider is not necessarily stable, some researchers believe. Researchers believe that the encoding of past experiences determines how similar experiences are processed in the future. When new events occur, the event is first recorded as an accident by the individual, but if the event recurs over and over again. In general, attachment avoidance is associated with cognitive and behavioral avoidance of emotional information. Through the experimental design of this study, attachment avoidance can repeatedly experience safe interpersonal support and response whenever faced with threats in the process of establishing new relationships. Repeated smiling face searches under threatening stimuli reconstruct a new safety attachment base schema for attachment avoiders, obtain relevant information about the formation conditions of their safety attachment, focus on the effects and performance of this method, and explore the effectiveness of intervention in the formation of safety attachment for attachment avoiders. The main body of the study consists of two parts: the conditions for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment and the intervention methods for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment. The third study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's positive emotion; the fourth study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's safe attachment emotion; the fifth study explored the possibility of safe attachment behavior of attachment avoidance. Confronting threats can promote attachment avoiders to search for responsive smiling faces from unrelated information more quickly. Confronting threats is the precondition for attachment avoiders to have attention superiority effect on other people's positive response. Attention selection of attachment avoiders to help-seeking objects may be unconscious. Secondly, threat stimulus can be induced. Reducing the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will also increase the negative emotions of attachment avoiders. However, if we can always get positive responses from others when facing threats, the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will be maintained and the negative emotions will be improved. Fourthly, it is effective to reconstruct the safety base schema for attachment avoiders by repeatedly obtaining positive responses from others in the face of threats. Reconstruction of the safety base schema can initiate attachment avoidance. Fifth, there is a general avoidance of attachment emotional information among high-attachment avoiders. Their avoidance tendencies will not change because of whether they are threatened or not, and the positive emotional response of others will have a positive impact on the behavior of high-avoidance. By reconstructing the safety base schema, attachment avoidance will be avoided. The second part includes six studies and seven studies, which intervene the possibility of safe attachment formation by different experimental paradigms from behavioral and cognitive perspectives. This study used approach-avoidance task (aat) as a means of intervention to train the behavior tendency of high-attachment avoiders and its effect on emotion in interpersonal communication. The main findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the higher the degree of attachment avoidance, the more likely the avoidance behavior to secure attachment emotional information is to occur; AAt is an effective paradigm to train high avoiders'attachment behavior; high avoiders can produce the approaching behavior to secure attachment emotional information through behavior training, and the training effect can be maintained in similar experience; the approaching training to secure attachment emotional information can make high avoiders in new interpersonal interaction relationship. Second, interpersonal group counseling can improve the self-esteem level of attachment avoiders and establish a positive self-model; interpersonal group counseling can improve the degree of acceptance of attachment avoiders to others and establish a positive model of others; interpersonal group counseling can change the cognition of attachment avoiders. In summary, the results of this study show that attachment avoidance can form a secure attachment relationship, and reconstructing the security base schema by repeatedly responding to threatening stimuli with smiling faces is the key to attachment avoidance. Hypochondriac stimulation, responsive smiling faces and repetition of search process are the prerequisites for the formation of attachment avoidance. Moreover, intervention in the behavior and cognition of attachment avoidance can promote the formation of their attachment relationship. The innovation of this study is reflected in the following aspects: First, the innovation of research ideas, for attachment. On the basis of reconstructing the security base schema of attachment evaders, the possibility of their security attachment formation is discussed. The second is the innovation of research methods, which reconstructs the security base schema of attachment evaders by searching the responding smiling faces repeatedly under threat stimuli, and restores the initial process of the security attachment formation (i.e. in the face). The third is the innovation of research materials. This study does not use the face of the attachment object, but uses the smiling face of strangers to represent the positive response of others, and gives them security. The significance of attachment symbolically activates the safe attachment representation of attachment avoiders, and unfamiliar smiling faces as experimental materials are valuable for exploring the process of establishing new safe attachment relationships. The attachment styles of attachment were explored, and the feasibility of intervention method in practice was strong.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842
，
本文编号：2223657
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