3-5岁儿童在不同心理领域下反事实思维能力的发展
发布时间：2018-11-08 12:33
【摘要】：反事实思维(counterfactual thinking)又叫反事实推理,是指在心理上对过去己经发生的事情进行否定,进而建构一种可能性假设的思维活动。反事实思维是人类的高级认知活动之一,普遍存在于我们的日常生活当中。近年来,对儿童反事实思维发展的探究已经成为发展心理学的研究热点问题。但目前对于儿童反事实思维发展究竟是领域特殊的还是领域一般的研究尚处于起步阶段,且已有研究的结果也很不一致。因此本研究在总结前人研究的基础上,采用图片故事法,进一步探讨了3-5岁儿童在不同心理领域下反事实思维能力的发展情况及其影响因素。本研究共包括两个实验,实验一采用结果反事实推理任务范式,选取88名3-5岁幼儿为被试,采用3(年龄：3、4、5岁)×3(心理领域：道德领域、习俗领域、安全领域)×2(结果性质：积极结果、消极结果)的混合实验设计,探讨儿童在不同心理领域下结果反事实推理能力的发展情况及结果性质对儿童结果反事实推理的影响。结果显示：(1)3岁儿童已经开始具有了很好的结果反事实推理能力,3-5岁儿童的结果反事实推理能力的发展随着年龄的增长而提高,且3-4岁之间的发展速度显著快于4-5岁之间的发展速度：(2)3-5岁儿童在不同的心理领域下的结果反事实推理具有领域特殊性,且对安全领域的推理显著好于对道德领域和习俗领域的推理；(3)结果性质影响儿童的结果反事实推理,相对于积极结果,儿童在消极结果下的结果反事实推理成绩更好。实验二采用前提反事实推理任务范式,选取117名3-5岁幼儿为被试,采用3(年龄：3、4、5岁)×3(心理领域：道德领域、习俗领域、安全领域)×2(结果严重程度：一般结果、严重结果)的混合实验设计,探讨儿童在不同心理领域下前提反事实推理能力的发展情况及结果严重程度对儿童前提反事实推理的影响。结果显示：(1)3岁儿童已经具备了初步的前提反事实推理能力,且3-5岁儿童的前提反事实推理能力随着年龄的增长逐渐提高；(2)3-5儿童产生的加法反事实推理的数量显著多于减法反事实推理数量,且儿童的加法反事实思维随着年龄的增长而显著提高,但是减法反事实思维则不存在显著的年龄效应；(3)3-5岁儿童的前提反事实推理能力的发展具有领域特殊性,且安全领域好于道德领域,道德领域好于习俗领域；(4)事实结果的严重程度影响儿童的前提反事实推理,严重结果下产生的反事实推理的数量多于一般结果下的产生反事实推理的数量。综上研究我们可以得到以下结论：第一,3岁儿童已经具有了反事实推理的能力,且3-5岁儿童的反事实推理能力的发展随着年龄的增长而逐步提高。第二,儿童反事推理能力的发展是领域特殊性的,具体表现为安全领域反事实推理能力的发展好于道德领域反事实推理能力的发展,道德领域反事实推理能力的发展又好于习俗领域反事实推理能力发展。第四,3-5岁儿童在选择问题的表现显著好于解释问题,产生的加法反事实推理显著多于减法反事实推理。第三,结果的性质与严重程度均会影响儿童反事实推理能力的发展。相比较积极结果,儿童在消极结果下的反事实思维能力更好；相比较一般结果,儿童在严重结果下产生的反事实推理更多。
[Abstract]:The counterfactual thinking, also called anti-fact reasoning, refers to the negative of what has happened in the past, so as to construct a hypothetical thinking activity. The anti-fact thinking is one of the human's high-level cognitive activities, which is common in our daily life. In recent years, the inquiry into the development of the child's anti-fact thinking has become a hot issue in the development of psychology. At present, the research on the development of the child's anti-fact thinking is still in the initial stage, and the results of the research are not consistent. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the previous studies, this study further discusses the development of the three-five-year-old children's anti-fact thinking ability in different psychological fields and its influencing factors. The study included two experiments, one of which was based on the result anti-fact-reasoning task paradigm, and 88 children from 3 to 5 years of age were selected to be tested, 3 (age: 3, 4, 5 years) and 3 (mental area: moral field, custom field, safety area) and 2 (outcome property: positive result, The mixed experimental design of the negative result shows the effect of the development of the anti-fact-reasoning ability of the child in different psychological fields and the effect of the result property on the child's outcome. The results showed that: (1) The 3-year-old children had a good result anti-fact-reasoning ability, the results of the 3-5-year-old children were improved with age, and the development speed between 3 and 4 years was significantly faster than that between 4 and 5 years of age. (2) The results of the three-five-year-old children in different psychological fields have the special characteristics of the field, and the reasoning in the safety field is better than the reasoning in the field of the moral field and the custom field; (3) the result property influences the results of the children and the fact-based reasoning, which is relative to the positive result, The result of the negative result of the child is better than the fact-based reasoning. In this paper, a mixed experimental design of 117 children with 3-5 years of age was selected to be tested and 3 (age: 3, 4, 5 years) and 3 (mental area: moral field, custom field, safety area) and 2 (severity of outcome: general result and serious result). The development of the anti-fact-based reasoning ability of children in different psychological fields and the effect of the severity of the result on the anti-fact reasoning of children are discussed. The results show that: (1) 3-year-old children have the preliminary premise of anti-fact-reasoning ability, and the premise of 3-5-year-old children is increasing gradually with the increase of age; (2) the number of addition-counter-fact-based reasoning produced by 3-5 children is significantly more than that of the subtraction anti-fact reasoning, and (3) the development of the premise of the 3-5-year-old children has the special characteristics in the field, and the safety field is good in the field of ethics, The moral field is good in the field of practice; (4) the serious degree of the fact result affects the premise and the fact-based reasoning of the child, and the number of anti-fact reasoning generated under the serious result is more than the number of the anti-fact reasoning under the general result. in sum, we can conclude that that first, three-year-old children have the ability to counter-fact-based reasoning, and the development of the anti-fact-reasoning ability of children between the ages of 3 and 5 has been gradually increased with age. Secondly, the development of the child's anti-fact reasoning ability is the specialty of the field, which is embodied in the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of security, the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of morality, the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of morality and the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the custom field. The fourth, the three-five-year-old children's performance in the choice question is better than the interpretation problem, and the addition counter-fact-based reasoning is significantly more than the subtraction anti-fact reasoning. Third, the nature and severity of the result will affect the development of the child's anti-fact reasoning ability. The positive result of the comparison is that the anti-fact thinking ability of the child under the negative result is better, and the result of the comparison is more, and the anti-fact reasoning produced by the child under the severe result is more.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842.5
本文编号：2318517
[Abstract]:The counterfactual thinking, also called anti-fact reasoning, refers to the negative of what has happened in the past, so as to construct a hypothetical thinking activity. The anti-fact thinking is one of the human's high-level cognitive activities, which is common in our daily life. In recent years, the inquiry into the development of the child's anti-fact thinking has become a hot issue in the development of psychology. At present, the research on the development of the child's anti-fact thinking is still in the initial stage, and the results of the research are not consistent. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the previous studies, this study further discusses the development of the three-five-year-old children's anti-fact thinking ability in different psychological fields and its influencing factors. The study included two experiments, one of which was based on the result anti-fact-reasoning task paradigm, and 88 children from 3 to 5 years of age were selected to be tested, 3 (age: 3, 4, 5 years) and 3 (mental area: moral field, custom field, safety area) and 2 (outcome property: positive result, The mixed experimental design of the negative result shows the effect of the development of the anti-fact-reasoning ability of the child in different psychological fields and the effect of the result property on the child's outcome. The results showed that: (1) The 3-year-old children had a good result anti-fact-reasoning ability, the results of the 3-5-year-old children were improved with age, and the development speed between 3 and 4 years was significantly faster than that between 4 and 5 years of age. (2) The results of the three-five-year-old children in different psychological fields have the special characteristics of the field, and the reasoning in the safety field is better than the reasoning in the field of the moral field and the custom field; (3) the result property influences the results of the children and the fact-based reasoning, which is relative to the positive result, The result of the negative result of the child is better than the fact-based reasoning. In this paper, a mixed experimental design of 117 children with 3-5 years of age was selected to be tested and 3 (age: 3, 4, 5 years) and 3 (mental area: moral field, custom field, safety area) and 2 (severity of outcome: general result and serious result). The development of the anti-fact-based reasoning ability of children in different psychological fields and the effect of the severity of the result on the anti-fact reasoning of children are discussed. The results show that: (1) 3-year-old children have the preliminary premise of anti-fact-reasoning ability, and the premise of 3-5-year-old children is increasing gradually with the increase of age; (2) the number of addition-counter-fact-based reasoning produced by 3-5 children is significantly more than that of the subtraction anti-fact reasoning, and (3) the development of the premise of the 3-5-year-old children has the special characteristics in the field, and the safety field is good in the field of ethics, The moral field is good in the field of practice; (4) the serious degree of the fact result affects the premise and the fact-based reasoning of the child, and the number of anti-fact reasoning generated under the serious result is more than the number of the anti-fact reasoning under the general result. in sum, we can conclude that that first, three-year-old children have the ability to counter-fact-based reasoning, and the development of the anti-fact-reasoning ability of children between the ages of 3 and 5 has been gradually increased with age. Secondly, the development of the child's anti-fact reasoning ability is the specialty of the field, which is embodied in the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of security, the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of morality, the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of morality and the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the custom field. The fourth, the three-five-year-old children's performance in the choice question is better than the interpretation problem, and the addition counter-fact-based reasoning is significantly more than the subtraction anti-fact reasoning. Third, the nature and severity of the result will affect the development of the child's anti-fact reasoning ability. The positive result of the comparison is that the anti-fact thinking ability of the child under the negative result is better, and the result of the comparison is more, and the anti-fact reasoning produced by the child under the severe result is more.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842.5
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