邓宁—克鲁格效应及其影响因素研究
发布时间：2018-11-11 17:12
【摘要】：邓宁-克鲁格效应是指个体在完成某项任务时对自己能力的评价产生的偏差,特别是那些绝对能力低的人,他们往往会对自己的能力做出高估的评价,甚至超过平均水平,相反,绝对能力高的人却会做出较低的评价。究其原因是因为无论能力高或者能力低的个体在元认知能力上都存在缺陷,这使他们无法准确认知自己的能力。对于能力低的个体来说,元认知能力缺陷使他们过高估计自己的能力水平。而对能力高的个体来说,他们认知自己能力的线索来自他人表现,在缺乏社会比较线索时,他们便会无法认识到自己能力较高这一特征,而错误地认为自己的能力水平与他人差别不大,所以给出低于实际的自我评价。然而在中国文化背景下,能力水平不同的个体对自己的能力评价是否会呈现出这样的趋势呢?如果有,那么其影响因素是什么呢?文章通过设计三个研究,对个体在进行能力的自我评价时是否会出现邓宁-克鲁格效应及其影响因素进行探讨。研究采取自编问卷调查的方式,让被试先完成一份能力测试题目,然后收集其对于自己能力测试题目答对分数、能力测试排名的预测,并进行数据分析。在研究一中,被试进行中国历史知识能力测试；研究二被试进行言语理解能力测试,并在五周后对处于能力排名最底端与最顶端的被试进行重测,重测时分别通过问卷的方式向其展示其他两人的答卷,让被试观察后重新预测自己的答对题目分数与能力排名；研究三把能力测试材料换为简单的逻辑判断能力测试,采取被试间实验设计,实验组通过观看一段元认知能力训练视频进行实验操作,参照组在相同时间内观看一段无关视频,实验后分别重新完成测试问卷,并作出相应答对题目分数与能力排名的预测。 研究采用spss16.0软件进行统计分析,结果部分支持了研究假设,根据结果得出如下结论： (1)在对能力进行自我评价时,大多数人会认为自己的能力水平超过于平均水平,但不会超过平均水平的10个百分位排名； (2)在对能力进行自我评价时,能力低的个体会显著高估自己的能力,甚至超过平均水平,能力高的个体会对自己的能力产生低估； (3)能力低的个体在认知自己的能力时,更多关注自己的能力,能力高的个体更多关注他人的能力； (4)通过元认知能力的训练,能力低的个体会降低自我评价,能力高的个体会提高自我评价,二者都更加接近能力的真实水平；
[Abstract]:The Dunning-Kruger effect is the bias in the individual's assessment of his or her ability to perform a task, especially those with low absolute abilities, who tend to overestimate, or even exceed average, their abilities. On the contrary, people with high absolute abilities make lower ratings. The reason is that individuals with high or low ability have defects in metacognitive ability, which makes them unable to recognize their own ability accurately. For individuals with low abilities, metacognitive deficits make them overestimate their abilities. For highly competent individuals, the clues to their ability come from others' performance, and when they lack a social comparative clue, they are unable to recognize that they are more capable. They mistakenly think that their ability level is not different from others, so they give a lower-level self-evaluation. However, in the context of Chinese culture, do individuals with different ability levels have such a tendency to evaluate their own ability? If so, what are the factors affecting it? By designing three studies, this paper discusses whether the Dunning-Kruger effect and its influencing factors will occur in the self-evaluation of individuals' ability. A self-designed questionnaire was used to ask the subjects to complete a competency test first, and then to collect the prediction of their own ability test questions, the ranking of the ability test, and to analyze the data. In the first middle school, the subjects tested the Chinese history knowledge ability; In the second study, the speech comprehension ability was tested, and the subjects who were at the bottom and the top of the ability rank were retest five weeks later. When the subjects were retest, they were shown the answers of the other two people by questionnaire. The subjects were asked to re-predict their right question scores and ability rankings after observation. In study 3, the ability test materials were changed into simple logical judgment ability test, and the experiment design was adopted. The experimental group operated by watching a metacognitive ability training video, and the reference group watched an irrelevant video in the same time. After the experiment, we completed the questionnaire again, and predicted the right question score and ability rank. Spss16.0 software was used to carry out statistical analysis. The results partly supported the hypothesis of the study. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) in the self-evaluation of ability, Most people think that their competence is above the average, but not above the average of the 10 percentile rankings; (2) in the self-evaluation of ability, the individual with low ability will significantly overestimate his ability, even exceed the average level, and the person with high ability will underestimate his ability; (3) the individuals with low ability pay more attention to their own ability while the individuals with high ability pay more attention to the ability of others; (4) through the training of metacognitive ability, the low ability individual will reduce the self-evaluation, the high ability individual will enhance the self-evaluation, both of them are closer to the real level of ability;
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842
本文编号：2325571
[Abstract]:The Dunning-Kruger effect is the bias in the individual's assessment of his or her ability to perform a task, especially those with low absolute abilities, who tend to overestimate, or even exceed average, their abilities. On the contrary, people with high absolute abilities make lower ratings. The reason is that individuals with high or low ability have defects in metacognitive ability, which makes them unable to recognize their own ability accurately. For individuals with low abilities, metacognitive deficits make them overestimate their abilities. For highly competent individuals, the clues to their ability come from others' performance, and when they lack a social comparative clue, they are unable to recognize that they are more capable. They mistakenly think that their ability level is not different from others, so they give a lower-level self-evaluation. However, in the context of Chinese culture, do individuals with different ability levels have such a tendency to evaluate their own ability? If so, what are the factors affecting it? By designing three studies, this paper discusses whether the Dunning-Kruger effect and its influencing factors will occur in the self-evaluation of individuals' ability. A self-designed questionnaire was used to ask the subjects to complete a competency test first, and then to collect the prediction of their own ability test questions, the ranking of the ability test, and to analyze the data. In the first middle school, the subjects tested the Chinese history knowledge ability; In the second study, the speech comprehension ability was tested, and the subjects who were at the bottom and the top of the ability rank were retest five weeks later. When the subjects were retest, they were shown the answers of the other two people by questionnaire. The subjects were asked to re-predict their right question scores and ability rankings after observation. In study 3, the ability test materials were changed into simple logical judgment ability test, and the experiment design was adopted. The experimental group operated by watching a metacognitive ability training video, and the reference group watched an irrelevant video in the same time. After the experiment, we completed the questionnaire again, and predicted the right question score and ability rank. Spss16.0 software was used to carry out statistical analysis. The results partly supported the hypothesis of the study. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) in the self-evaluation of ability, Most people think that their competence is above the average, but not above the average of the 10 percentile rankings; (2) in the self-evaluation of ability, the individual with low ability will significantly overestimate his ability, even exceed the average level, and the person with high ability will underestimate his ability; (3) the individuals with low ability pay more attention to their own ability while the individuals with high ability pay more attention to the ability of others; (4) through the training of metacognitive ability, the low ability individual will reduce the self-evaluation, the high ability individual will enhance the self-evaluation, both of them are closer to the real level of ability;
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842
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