国家权力的发现：从人文主义到近代自然法学说

发布时间：2018-04-09 08:13

本文选题：权力　切入点：人文主义　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：“权力”在近代早期成为西方思想家讨论政治问题的基础概念。在此之前曾有过两种理解权力的方式。第一种存在于古典时期,其主要特点在于拒绝承认权力在政治生活中发挥的作用。古希腊城邦中的暴力机制尚处在萌芽状态,且希腊人相信公民团体内部不应该出现支配与被支配的强制性关系。希腊政治思想中也未曾形成专门表达权力的相关概念;相对而言,罗马人已经从共同体的自治状态中分化出抽象的政治权力,但是罗马人落后的理性思辨能力使他们在政治思想领域未能跟上其政治现状的发展,因而没有从权力的性质为起点开创全新的政治哲学。受古代政治思想的影响,文艺复兴时期的意大利人文主义者认为“政治学”应该是以正义为原则,以确保共同体善为目的的一门“技艺”。由于其共和国生活的传统,意大利城市的公民亦不愿意承认城市中存在确定的支配关系。权力观念只出现在用以保护统治者地位的学科——“国家理性”之中。有关权力的另一种理解产生于中世纪。西北欧封建制度具有等级特征,但是封臣服从宗主倚靠的是契约关系而非强制力量。16世纪以布丹为代表的法国人文主义法学家充分借助历史资源,指出主权在立定法律和推行法律的过程中具有强制性,初步涉及到权力的本质。西班牙经院哲学家在解释世俗权力生成的过程中区分了权力和权威的差别,将自然法视为权力产生的动力。他们认为,人天生就有着过社会生活的倾向,主动结成了社会共同体,而共同体拥有一种力量,无论何种政体都是该力量的承担者。主权者具备的是权威,权力则来自共同体的让渡。此时在马基雅维里塔西陀主义者持有的,以维护国家存在为目的的国家理性学说在西北欧地区广泛流传,侵蚀着北方人文主义者塑造的“基督教君主”的信念。如利普修斯受国家理性的影响,提出权力是政治生活基础的观点。而国家理性与西班牙经院哲学的结合也催生出以格劳秀斯为代表的思想家,通过自然法理论论证世俗主权生成的必然性。此时的英国尚没有形成有关权力观念的思想体系,王权根据道德诫律为特征的自然法维系其正当性,从而阻碍了从强制力的角度理解权力的思想的形成。直到17世纪,自然法思想、主权理论和国家理性三大思潮已经逐渐合流,以强制力和暴力为特点的权力已经成为英国学者思考政治问题不可回避的现实。霍布斯借用自然科学中的推理模式,以每一个人在自然状态下所拥有的力量为逻辑起点,以自我保存的自然法的内在必然性为动力,放弃了经院哲学关于人天生具有社会性的假设,提出人为了脱离自然状态会将权力让渡给主权者形成政治生活中的至高力量。霍布斯拒绝使用历史经验的论证方法,从人的抽象本质出发建构了由个人到主权者的单线联系,回避了世俗权力生成过程中社会共同体起到的作用,从而将国家从社会中抽离开来,使得共同体的权力和社会权力被改造为国家权力。
[Abstract]:"Power" in the early modern times become basic concept of western thinkers to discuss political issues. There have been two kinds of understanding powers. First in the classical period, the main feature is refused to recognize the power play in the political life. The ancient Greek city-state violence mechanism is still in the bud, and the Greeks that group of citizens should not be mandatory internal domination relationship and dominated. The Greek political thought has formed a special expression of the related concepts of power; in contrast, the Romans had from the Autonomous State Community differentiate Abstract political power, but the backward rational thinking skills so that they could not keep up with the development in the field of political thought the political status quo, and not create a new political philosophy as a starting point from the nature of power. Under the influence of ancient political thought, the The Italy Renaissance humanist thought "politics" should be based on justice as the principle, to ensure a good community to craft ". Because of the Republic tradition, Italy city citizens are not willing to admit the dominance relationship in a city. The concept of power only in to protect the ruler position subject --" reason of state ".
Another understanding about power in the middle ages. Northwest European feudal system with hierarchical characteristics, but the letter of surrender from sovereign trust is the contract relationship and non coercive force.16 century with Bodin as the representative of the French humanist jurists make full use of historical resources, that sovereignty is mandatory in the standing law and the implementation of the law in the process of preliminary. Related to the nature of power. The Spanish Scholastics in explaining the process of secular power generation to distinguish between the power and authority of difference, power will be the natural law as a power generation. They believe that people are born with a tendency of social life, an active social community, and the community has a kind of strength, no matter what regime is to undertake the power. The sovereign has the authority, transfer of power from the community. At this time Yaweilitaxituo activists held Markee In order to maintain the existence of the state, for the purpose of national rationality theory, widely circulated in the northwest Europe, eroding the northern humanists to create a "Christian monarch" belief. Such as Lipsius affected countries put forward rational, power is the basis of political life view. And combined with the national reason and Spain also spawned Scholasticism in order to Grotius as the representative of the thinker, the inevitability generated by theory of natural law. The secular sovereign in England has not formed the power concept system, according to the commandment of Wang Quan moral characteristics of natural law to maintain its legitimacy, which hindered the formation of force from the perspective of understanding the power of thought until seventeenth Century, the thought of natural law, reason of state sovereignty theory and the three trends have gradually combined with force and violence of power has become a British scholar thinking The political problem is an unavoidable reality. Hobbes uses the mode of reasoning in natural science, to every person in the state of nature have the power as the logical starting point, with the inherent inevitability of natural law of self preservation as a driving force, to give up on the scholasticism of people born with a society of people in order to escape the proposed hypothesis the natural state will cede power to the sovereign formation in the political life of supreme power. Hobbes refused to demonstrate the method using historical experience, single contact starting from the abstract nature of human constructed by the individual to the sovereign, avoids the process of secular power generation community plays a role, which will detach from the country in the society, the community power and social power was transformed into state power.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

【共引文献】