论托克维尔的基本问题及其当代意义

发布时间：2018-04-30 16:26

本文选题：托克维尔 + 民主　；参考：《云南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：在绝大多数人——包括许多理论家——看来,民主和专制势同水火不可相容。然而在托克维尔看来,民主既可以与自由相容,也可能与暴政共存。法国、英国和美国等现代民主国家的政治制度都是中央集权化的或者正在朝着中央集权化的趋势发展,这是托克维尔的基本结论。 “托克维尔问题”是对托克维尔民主思想的高度概括,这一问题的前提就在对民主与自由关系的阐释。首先引起托克维尔注意的,是身份平等,他视之为“基本事实”,它使民主成为一个不可阻挡的历史潮流。在他看来,平等可能产生两种倾向,一是极端个人主义；二是使人们走上被奴役的状态。托克维尔问题的前提就是在发现民主与自由存在内在的张力,而在民主条件下,自由有被侵犯的危险。所以民主下的行政专制便是托克维尔问题指向的实质。但这种专制究竟是何种专制却是争论的焦点。从还原作者意图上看,并分析《论美国的民主》上下卷的差异,“多数暴政”并不是托克维尔所担忧的。从世界民主政治的发展看,民主与宪政不仅不会产生多数暴政,恰恰会防止多数暴政的产生。同时,结合目前行政优先发展及行政集权化倾向,托克维尔问题的实质就是中央集权下的行政专制。在托克维尔看来,民主制在本质上倾向于中央集权,在这一制度之下,产生了一种新型的专制制度。如果当代世界不得不是民主的,并且如果中央集权化是当代世界政府体制的基本特征或者是基本的发展趋势,那么,这一基本选择无疑就具有不可回避的尖锐性。托克维尔问题建立在对民主与自由相悖的前提下,也就是民主与自由的冲突,这一前提对20世纪政治哲学也有启示意义,罗尔斯基于正义原则的平等观,也是这一问题的回应,托克维尔问题在当代也具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:To the vast majority, including many theorists, democracy and despotism are incompatible with fire and water. In Tocqueville's view, however, democracy can be compatible with freedom and possibly coexisting with tyranny. The basic conclusion of Tocqueville is that the political systems of modern democracies such as France, Britain and the United States are centralized or are moving towards centralization. "Tocqueville problem" is a highly summary of Tocqueville's democratic thought, the premise of which lies in the interpretation of the relationship between democracy and freedom. The first thing that drew Tocqueville's attention was equality of identity, which he regarded as a "basic fact" that made democracy an irresistible historical trend. In his view, equality may produce two tendencies, one is extreme individualism, the other is to enslave people. The premise of the Tocqueville problem is to discover the inherent tension between democracy and freedom, and under democratic conditions, freedom is in danger of being violated. So the administrative autocracy under democracy is the essence of Tocqueville's problem. But what kind of despotism is at issue. From the point of view of the original author's intention, and to analyze the differences between the top and bottom of Democracy in the United States, "majority tyranny" is not Tocqueville's concern. From the development of the world's democratic politics, democracy and constitutionalism will not only prevent the majority tyranny, but also prevent the majority tyranny. At the same time, the essence of the Tocqueville problem is the administrative autocracy under the centralization of administrative power, combined with the development of administrative priority and the tendency of administrative centralization. In Tocqueville's view, democracy was essentially centralized, under which a new autocratic system emerged. If the contemporary world has to be democratic, and if centralization is the basic feature of the contemporary world government system or the basic development trend, then the basic choice will undoubtedly have an unavoidable sharpness. The Tocqueville question is based on the contradiction between democracy and freedom, which is the conflict between democracy and freedom. This premise also has enlightening significance to the political philosophy of the 20th century. Rawls' view of equality based on the principle of justice is also a response to this problem. The question of Tocqueville is also of great significance in contemporary times.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09

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