罗尔斯正义观的反思与批判

发布时间：2018-05-04 15:14

本文选题：正义 + 罗尔斯　；参考：《西北师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：“正义是社会制度的首要价值,正像真理是思想体系的首要价值一样。”在功利主义统治政治哲学话语一百多年之后,美国哲学家罗尔斯的正义理论继承与发展了自霍布斯以来的古典契约论传统,以“原初状态”作为其正义理论的逻辑起点,将正义原则运用于社会基本结构,在保证自由优先的情况下强调平等。罗尔斯关注社会最少受惠者的发展前景,并以此为正义原则选择的参照点,调和了自由与平等的矛盾,突出地解决了平等问题。罗尔斯的正义理论批判了功利主义,超越了古典自由主义,让政治哲学的主题发生了从自由向平等的转换。罗尔斯的正义理论获得了如潮的赞誉,但也引起了各方的批评和挑战,这些批评分别来自自由主义内部、社群主义等各学派。在与各方的理论论战中,罗尔斯对自己的正义理论做了完善与补充,使自己的正义理论从完备性的自由主义转向了政治自由主义。他承认理性多元的社会现实,强调正义只是政治观念的共识。当然,《政治自由主义》并没有偏离《正义论》所追求的“作为公平的正义”这一主题,它仍然是《正义论》的延伸。《政治自由主义》对《正义论》中秩序良好的社会做了新的解释。罗尔斯认为在理性多元的社会现实下,秩序良好的社会是不现实的,因此“作为公平的正义”在《政治自由主义》中从一开始就被作为“政治的正义”,即完备性理论的“重叠共识”,秩序良好的社会便是一个在政治正义概念上统一的社会。罗尔斯一生关注公平正义,关注社会底层人民的生活是他的理论旨归,以社会结构作为正义的主题,主张建立一套合理的社会制度来实现社会正义,这与马克思对社会的批判有某些相似之处。但是马克思从现实的个人的感性活动出发,从实践活动出发,将自己的理论建立在历史唯物主义的基础之上,这与罗尔斯从假设的“原初状态”出发的剥离了个人信息的抽象人是不同的。与罗尔斯对资本主义社会的改良不同,马克思要求通过无产阶级的革命推翻劳动异化的资本主义社会,推翻资本主义生产资料私有制,消灭阶级,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,从而使人得到全面自由的发展。这个社会便是超越了正义,实现了自由与平等的共产主义社会。论文主要从正义与人性本质,正义与生产关系、正义与共产主义社会的角度,探究马克思的正义观。并以此为基础,反思西方政治哲学的正义内涵,特别是罗尔斯的正义观,指出其构建社会结构存在的缺陷与不足之处。“他山之石,可以攻玉”,吸收借鉴西方政治哲学思想,尤其是注意罗尔斯对平等问题的关注,对构建指导中国市场经济建设与民主法制、民主政治建设的马克思主义政治哲学有重要意义。
[Abstract]:"Justice is the primary value of the social system, just as truth is the primary value of the ideological system." After more than a hundred years of utilitarian domination over the discourse of political philosophy, the justice theory of the American philosopher Rawls inherited and developed the tradition of classical contract theory since Hobbes, taking the "original state" as the logical starting point of his theory of justice. Apply the principle of justice to the basic structure of society and emphasize equality while guaranteeing freedom first. Rawls pays close attention to the development prospect of the least beneficiary of society and takes it as the reference point of justice principle to reconcile the contradiction between freedom and equality and to solve the problem of equality. Rawls' theory of justice criticizes utilitarianism, transcends classical liberalism and transforms the theme of political philosophy from freedom to equality. Rawls' theory of justice has gained much praise, but it has also aroused criticism and challenge from various schools, such as liberalism, communitarianism and so on. In the theoretical debate with all parties, Rawls perfected and supplemented his theory of justice, and changed his theory of justice from complete liberalism to political liberalism. He acknowledged the rational and pluralistic social reality and emphasized that justice is only a consensus of political ideas. Of course, "political liberalism" does not deviate from the theme of "justice as fairness" pursued by Justice. It is still an extension of the theory of justice. Political liberalism gives a new explanation of the well-ordered society in the theory of justice. Rawls thought that under the rational and pluralistic social reality, a well-ordered society was unrealistic, so "justice as fairness" was regarded as "political justice" from the beginning in political liberalism. That is, the overlapping consensus of completeness theory, a well-ordered society is a unified society in the concept of political justice. Rawls paid attention to fairness and justice in his whole life and paid close attention to the life of the people at the bottom of the society. He took the social structure as the theme of justice and advocated the establishment of a reasonable social system to realize social justice. This has some similarities with Marx's criticism of society. But Marx, proceeding from the realistic personal perceptual activities and from the practical activities, established his theory on the basis of historical materialism. This is different from the abstract person who disconnected personal information from the hypothetical "primordial state" of Rawls. Different from Rawls' reform of the capitalist society, Marx demanded that the capitalist society be overthrown by the revolution of the proletariat, the private ownership of capitalist means of production, the elimination of class, the elimination of exploitation and the elimination of polarization. So that people can get full and free development. This society is a communist society that transcends justice and realizes freedom and equality. From the angle of justice and human nature, justice and relations of production, justice and communist society, this paper probes into Marx's view of justice. On this basis, this paper reflects on the connotation of justice in western political philosophy, especially Rawls' view of justice, and points out the defects and deficiencies in the construction of social structure. "the stone of other mountains, can attack jade", draw lessons from western political philosophy thought, especially pay attention to Rawls's attention to equality problem, to construct and guide China's market economy construction and democracy and legal system, The Marxist political philosophy of democratic political construction is of great significance.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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