柏拉图正义思想研究

发布时间：2018-07-04 11:13

本文选题：柏拉图 + 正义思想　；参考：《沈阳师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：正义是人类社会的核心概念，只要人类社会存在，人们关于正义的讨论就不会停止，因为它关系到社会的平稳运行，国家的繁荣昌盛，人民对幸福的拥有。基于此，不同时期不同派别的哲学家把正义作为重要问题进行反思和建构。古希腊著名思想家柏拉图是系统阐述正义思想的第一人，他的正义思想对后世的影响相当深远。柏拉图出生在一个贵族家庭，从小便与政治结下不解之缘，旷日持久的伯罗奔尼撒战争和其恩师苏格拉底被民主制法庭以荒唐的罪名处死，这使他深刻反思正义问题，，为城邦的发展和公民的幸福贡献了自己毕生的精力。本文首先分析了柏拉图正义思想产生的背景和理论基础，之后比较详细地梳理了其正义内涵即城邦正义与个人正义，城邦正义的实现，城邦正义的维持和城邦正义的衰败。然后从政治伦理角度分析了柏拉图的政治伦理设计能否实现他的最初设想即带来城邦的稳固，及带给人们美德和幸福。文章的最后谈论了柏拉图的正义思想对我国构建社会主义和谐社会的启示。柏拉图的正义思想总的来说是理性的，具有很强的科学性。他让拥有智慧并能够认识善的理念的哲学家担任最高统治者，勇敢的并能分清敌我的生产者担任辅助者，其他的人作为生产者，这种三个等级各安其分的设计实现了“人尽其才”；针对辅助者和统治者天赋不同而分别设计不同的教育课程，做到了“因材施教”；他的公有制的设计抑制了护卫者阶层的物质欲望，在一定程度上延缓了腐败的发生。但理想城邦的设计并不是完美无缺的。柏拉图的“精英视角”决定了他自上而下地设计政治伦理秩序，美德的价值在他这里是高于自由的，这也成为其理论价值最薄弱之处；他认为城邦与个人是“大字”与“小字”的关系，即同构性问题，这里的论证也是有些争议的，有学者认为，城邦与个人并不是同质同构的，城邦正义与个人正义的关系也并非具有柏拉图所说的那种关系。即使他本人也认识到人的理性的有限性，理想城邦最终是要走向衰败的。他的制度伦理设计虽然不是完美，但其正义思想对我国当前社会主义和谐社会的构建仍然具有启示意义。
[Abstract]:Justice is the core concept of human society, as long as human society exists, people will not stop the discussion of justice, because it relates to the smooth operation of society, the prosperity of the country, and the people's possession of happiness. Based on this, philosophers of different schools in different periods reflect and construct justice as an important issue. Plato, a famous ancient Greek thinker, was the first person who systematically expounded the thought of justice. Plato was born into an aristocratic family, and was bound to politics from an early age. The protracted Peloponnesian War and the execution of his benefactor, Socrates, on absurd charges by the democratic court, led him to reflect deeply on the question of justice. He devoted his whole life to the development of the city state and the happiness of the citizens. This paper first analyzes the background and theoretical basis of Plato's thought of justice, and then combs its justice connotation in detail, that is, city-state justice and personal justice, the realization of city-state justice, the maintenance of city-state justice and the decline of city-state justice. Then it analyzes whether Plato's design of political ethics can realize the stability of the polis and the virtue and happiness of the people from the angle of political ethics. At the end of the article, the author discusses the enlightenment of Plato's thought of justice to the construction of socialist harmonious society in our country. Plato's thought of justice is rational and scientific in general. He made philosophers who are wise and able to understand the idea of good to be supreme rulers, producers who are brave and able to distinguish between themselves and themselves as auxiliaries, and others as producers, This kind of design of three levels of security has realized "using one's ability to the best of one's ability", designed different educational courses according to the talent of assistant and ruler, and achieved "teaching according to one's aptitude". His public-owned design restrained the material desire of the guardian class and delayed the occurrence of corruption to some extent. But the ideal city-state design is not perfect. Plato's "elite perspective" determines his top-down design of political ethical order, and the value of virtue is higher than that of freedom, which has become the weakest part of his theoretical value. He thinks that the relationship between the city state and the individual is the relationship between "big characters" and "small characters", that is, the isomorphism problem. The argument here is also controversial. Some scholars believe that the city state and the individual are not homogeneous and isomorphic. The relationship between city-state justice and individual justice is not the same as Plato's. Even if he realized the limitation of human rationality, the ideal city-state would eventually decline. Although his system ethics design is not perfect, his justice thought still has the enlightenment significance to our country present socialism harmonious society construction.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09

【参考文献】