孟子内圣外王的思想及其现实意义

发布时间：2018-07-04 22:59

本文选题：孟子 + 内圣　；参考：《宁波大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：孟子为解决战国中期社会的全面危机及儒家仁道遭遇的严峻挑战,丰富和发展了孔子的内圣外王之道。他从天道观、心性论、民意、历史传统和现实要求等角度论证了仁道的可能性和必要性。他认为天赋予人善性,人皆有恻隐、羞恶、辞让、是非之心,具有仁义礼智四端,扩充恻隐、羞恶、辞让、是非之心就能实现仁、义、礼、智。这四心是创造道德价值的源泉,是人与禽兽的根本区别。因此保存和扩充四心是人的责任和使命。他提出了“存心”和“尽心”的修养功夫,即通过明善、立大体、时时操持本心、寡欲、推恩和养气等功夫保存和扩充本心,实现仁、义、礼、智,成圣成贤。在成为圣贤后,仁要求将内心的恻隐羞恶辞让是非之情推广于外,推之于父母就是孝悌,推之于百姓就是仁政,推之于万物就是爱物,这样就形成了一个“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物。”由亲即疏、由近及远的外王事功系列。孟子的心性之学和外王之道对历史产生了深远的影响。他在内圣方面对理学产生了深远影响:他的心性论成为宋明理学建构形上本体的重要基石;功夫论开启了理学家“向心外求理”和心学家“向心上求理”两条不同的修身路径;他提出的“穷则独善其身,达则兼善天下。”的理想人格成为儒家尤其是宋明儒的人格理想。他在外王方面对后世的影响也是巨大的:仁政说成为儒家的政治理想和基本政治主张;教化思想对中国社会伦理化传统的形成有直接影响;民本思想对中国政治和学术产生了深远影响;道统论唤醒了历代士人强烈的社会责任意识,起到了对政治的批判和监督作用。天下观维系了中华民族的统一,塑造了中国礼仪之邦的形象。孟子的内圣外王之道在当今仍有较大的现实意义:其内圣学说有助于增强人的道德主体意识和社会责任意识,提升人的内在价值,使人自信自立,实现个体的安身立命;有助于引导社会树立合理的价值观,对抗价值虚无、精神空虚和社会浮躁。其外王之道有助于我们重视和加强民生,促进政治体制改革,促进社会政治秩序的理性化运行;有助于促进国际和平与安全和各文明之间的对话和交流;还有助于我们重视和改善人与自然的关系。
[Abstract]:In order to solve the comprehensive crisis in the middle period of the Warring States society and the severe challenge of the Confucian benevolent encounter, Meng Zi enriched and developed the way of Confucius's inner saints and outer kings. He demonstrated the possibility and necessity of benevolence from the perspectives of heaven and earth, the theory of heart, the opinion, the historical tradition and the practical requirements. The four heart is the source of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. The four heart is the source of moral value and the fundamental difference between man and animal. Therefore, it is the responsibility and mission of man to preserve and expand the four heart. After becoming a sage, benevolence requires that the compassion and shame of the heart be extended to the outside, the parents are the filial piety, the push to the people is the benevolence, the push to all things is the love of things, so the formation is formed. A series of "relatives and benevolent people, benevolent people and love things." from the relatives and people and the remote king of affairs series. Meng Zi's heart study and the way of the king had a profound influence on history. He had a profound influence on Science in the inner saints: his theory of nature became the important cornerstone of Song Mingli's Xue Jian structure; Kung Fu theory was opened. There are two different ways to repair the body by the Neo Confucianism and the psychologist "to the heart." he proposed that the ideal personality of the poor is the ideal personality of the Confucian, especially Song Mingru. The basic political claim; the ideological and chemical thought has a direct influence on the formation of the Chinese social ethics tradition; the thought of the people has had a profound influence on Chinese politics and academia; the theory of morality awakens the strong sense of social responsibility of the scholars of the dynasties and plays the role of criticism and supervision of politics. The image of the state of etiquette and etiquette still has great practical significance today: the doctrine of inner sage is still of great practical significance: the doctrine of Inner Sage helps to strengthen the consciousness of the moral subject and the sense of social responsibility, to enhance the intrinsic value of the man, to make the man self-confident and to realize the life of the individual, and to guide the society to establish reasonable values and against the deficiency of value. No, spiritual emptiness and social impetuosity. The way of its foreign kings will help us to pay attention to and strengthen people's livelihood, promote political system reform, promote the rational operation of social and political order, promote international peace and security and dialogue and exchange among civilizations, and help us to attach importance to and improve the relationship between human and nature.
【学位授予单位】：宁波大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D092

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