以权利制约功利：论罗尔斯对功利主义的批判

发布时间：2018-07-05 05:29

本文选题：功利 + 权利　；参考：《吉林大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 功利主义和权利论(契约论)在自由主义发展史上地位极为特殊,二者都曾长期地占据英美政治哲学和法律哲学舞台的中心,它们之间的争论和冲突也最激烈、最引人注目。功利主义认为:如果一个社会的主要制度能够使最大多数人获得最大幸福,这个社会就是善的,因而也是正义的。但是,功利主义具有一个固有的理论缺陷,其认为对人类福祉的追求比维护个人的权利具有优先性。罗尔斯紧紧抓住功利主义的这个缺陷,展开了对功利主义的批判。在其早期的两篇论文中,罗尔斯辨明了概括规则观、实践规则观与功利主义的内在关联,指出功利主义把正义问题变成一个管理决策问题,忽视了人们之间的道德联系。罗尔斯对功利主义的批判在《正义论》中基本定型,在《作为公平的正义——正义新论》中继续深化。在《正义论》中罗尔斯主要从目的论与义务论的关系、个人选择原则与社会选择原则的关系角度展开对功利主义的批判;随着后期的理论转型,他更注重从稳定性的角度深化对功利主义的批判。本文追随罗尔斯的理论进程,详细地探究其批判功利主义所依凭的各种理据以及不同理据之间的逻辑演进关系,为我们进一步探讨罗尔斯正义理论奠定了基础,也为我们反观中国学界的权利研究提供了一个参照标准。后两个问题与中国现实更具相关性,不过因文章篇幅和个人能力所限,在本文中无法深入展开,只能待今后继续研究。
[Abstract]:Utilitarianism and right theory (contract theory) have a special position in the history of liberalism. Both of them have occupied the center of the political philosophy and legal philosophy of Anglo-American for a long time. Utilitarianism holds that if the main system of a society can maximize the happiness of the most people, the society is good and therefore just. However, utilitarianism has an inherent theoretical flaw, it thinks that the pursuit of human welfare has priority over defending individual rights. Rawls grasped the defect of utilitarianism and criticized utilitarianism. In his early two papers, Rawls identified the internal relationship between the general rule view, the practical rule view and the utilitarianism, and pointed out that utilitarianism turned the justice problem into a management decision problem and ignored the moral relationship between people. Rawls' criticism of utilitarianism is basically stereotyped in Justice and deepened in New Theory of Justice as Fairness. In Justice, Rawls criticizes utilitarianism from the point of view of the relationship between teleology and obligation, individual choice principle and social choice principle. He pays more attention to deepen the criticism of utilitarianism from the angle of stability. Following Rawls' theoretical process, this paper explores in detail the various justifications on which Rawls relies for his criticism of utilitarianism and the logical evolution of different motivations, which lays a foundation for us to further explore Rawls' theory of justice. It also provides a reference standard for us to study the rights of Chinese academic circles. The latter two problems are more relevant to the reality of China, but due to the limitations of the length of the article and the ability of individuals, they cannot be further developed in this paper, and can only be further studied in the future.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D091

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