达尔的政治平等思想研究

发布时间：2018-12-31 11:42

【摘要】：平等与自由作为民主的内在价值，二者之间的关系一直存在争论，达尔从资源配置方式的角度来理解政治平等以协调二者之间的矛盾，他首先从多元权力出发，指出了权力的掌握者不仅有国家，而且还包括形形色色的组织，这些自治组织将自身所掌握的资源转化为政治资源，从而拥有影响政府决策的权力，而影响力的大小则取决于政治资源分配，，在多元社会中，每一个组织都掌握着一定的资源，没有任何一个组织能够占据全部关键性资源以据有排他性影响力，这些组织所掌握的资源的分散化，不仅有利于自治组织中的公民积极参与政治生活，组织能够保存自身的独立性。同时，也利于组织对抗国家权力的干涉以及组织之间的不平等地位。达尔对政治平等的分析既包括理论的孜孜探讨，也包括现实经验的描述，在现实政治生活中，由于政治资源配置的不均衡而造成了大量的不平等现象的发生。面对着美国政治平等所面临的来自市场经济、危机、国家规模、国际体系的威胁，达尔除了鼓励美国政府采取更多的降低政治不平等改革措施外，他意识到要想真正实现政治平等，就必须从目前的多头政体走向理想的民主政体形式。针对弱势群体和亚文化群体，达尔提出了经济民主和结盟民主设想；针对特权阶层和主流文化群体，达尔认为美国的公民文化取向由竞争型消费主义向“公民身份”转变，将有助于他们追求更好的政体形式和政治平等；而且，达尔还对美国宪法进行了反思，他认为美国宪政制度安排中存在着很多不平等的因素，通过批判，达尔希望人们能够改变以往对于美国宪法的态度。
[Abstract]:Equality and freedom as the intrinsic value of democracy, the relationship between the two has always been controversial. Dahl understood political equality from the perspective of resource allocation to coordinate the contradiction between the two. First, he set out from the pluralistic power. It is pointed out that the holders of power are not only the state, but also various organizations. These autonomous organizations have the power to influence government decisions by converting the resources they possess into political resources, And the size of influence depends on the distribution of political resources. In a pluralistic society, each organization has a certain amount of resources, and no single organization can occupy all the key resources in order to have exclusive influence. The decentralization of resources possessed by these organizations is not only conducive to the active participation of citizens in autonomous organizations in political life, but also to the preservation of their own independence. At the same time, it is beneficial for the organization to resist the interference of the state power and the unequal status between the organizations. Dahl's analysis of political equality includes both theoretical discussion and description of practical experience. In real political life, a large number of inequalities occur due to the imbalance in the allocation of political resources. Faced with threats to the political equality of the United States from market economy, crisis, national scale, and international system, Dahl encouraged the US government to take more measures to reduce political inequality. He realized that to truly achieve political equality, he had to move from the current multitudinous to the ideal form of democracy. Aiming at the vulnerable groups and sub-cultural groups, Dahl put forward the idea of economic democracy and alliance democracy. In view of the privileged class and the mainstream cultural group, Dahl believes that the change of American civic cultural orientation from competitive consumerism to "citizenship" will help them to pursue better form of government and political equality. In addition, he also reflected on the constitution of the United States. He believed that there were many unequal factors in the arrangement of the constitutional system in the United States, and through criticism, he hoped that people could change their attitudes towards the constitution.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D091

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