近代社会契约论述评
发布时间：2019-06-20 20:08
【摘要】：近代社会契约论,是人类第一次将自身作为主角,去认识社会和国家的起源等问题,奠定了现代政治学理论的基础。因此,无论作为政治哲学研究的重要阶段,还是当今政治理论的先行者,都值得我们关注和研究。 近代社会契约论就其思想渊源来说,最早可以追溯到古希腊,智者苏格拉底以死捍卫法律的尊严,体现出契约思想的萌芽；伊壁鸠鲁学派和斯多亚学派的著作中最早提到了社会契约的思想,前者为社会契约论制定了一个基本的框架,后者为社会契约论的大厦奠定了坚实的理论基础；到了格劳修斯,他使自然法和契约论结合成一体,开启了近代社会契约论的大门。 霍布斯从目的论的角度对社会契约论的思想进行了完整的阐述,他认为,人们缔结了契约,摆脱了自然无序的状态,组成了国家共同体,以实现自我保存,这是自然法的最高准则。但是他的契约论思想并没有引出臣民自由、平等的结论,相反却得出了更加专制的政治模式,成为了专制主义的辩护论,从而备受争议。 洛克认为,国家和社会的状态是人们走向新的“自然状态”无拘无束生活的桥梁,他更多的关心人的“自由”,认为国家就是保障人的生命,自由和财产的安全,政府的权利是有限的,它只能使用臣民让渡给他们的权利,来保障人的自由。 卢梭的社会契约论则更关心平等问题。他认为,为了克服和消除社会的不平等,必须建立以社会契约为基础的民主制国家。人们将自身的权利转让给国家,这个集体的意志就是公共的意志,国家的权利属于全体人民,国家行使权力以保证人民的自由和平等。 康德给予国家起源问题以一种新颖的哲学基础和解释,他抛开了经验的推断,认为从自然法到社会契约都是实践理性的公设,与现实经验无关,从而使社会契约成为道德理性的诉求,将其奠定在他的道德哲学和历史哲学之上。 通过对近代社会契约论的梳理,我们可以更好的了解其作为政治哲学重要阶段的历史意义和深远影响。
[Abstract]:Modern social contract theory is the first time that human beings regard themselves as the protagonist to understand the origin of society and the state, which lays the foundation of modern political theory. Therefore, as an important stage of political philosophy research and the forerunner of today's political theory, it is worthy of our attention and research. As far as the ideological origin of modern social contract theory is concerned, it can be traced back to ancient Greece. Socrates, a wise man, defends the dignity of law to death and embodies the germination of contract thought. Epicurus school and Stoya school first mentioned the thought of social contract, the former formulated a basic framework for social contract theory, the latter laid a solid theoretical foundation for the building of social contract theory. At Glatheus, he combined natural law with contract theory and opened the door to modern social contract theory. Hobbes expounds the thought of social contract theory completely from the point of view of teleology. He believes that people have concluded contracts, got rid of the state of natural disorder, and formed a national community in order to realize self-preservation, which is the highest criterion of natural law. However, his thought of contract theory did not lead to the conclusion of freedom and equality of subjects, on the contrary, it came to a more autocratic political model, which became a autocratic defense theory, which was controversial. Locke believes that the state of the state and society is a bridge for people to move towards a new "natural state". He is more concerned about the "freedom" of human beings. He believes that the state is to ensure the safety of human life, freedom and property, and the rights of the government are limited. It can only use the rights transferred to them by the subjects to protect human freedom. Rousseau's theory of social contract is more concerned about equality. He believes that in order to overcome and eliminate social inequality, a democratic state based on social contract must be established. People transfer their own rights to the state, this collective will is the will of the public, the rights of the state belong to all the people, the state exercises power to ensure the freedom and equality of the people. Kant gives a novel philosophical basis and explanation to the origin of the country. He puts aside the inference of experience and holds that from natural law to social contract is a public postulate of practical rationality, which has nothing to do with practical experience, so that social contract becomes the demand of moral rationality and lays it on his moral philosophy and historical philosophy. By combing the theory of contract in modern society, we can better understand its historical significance and far-reaching influence as an important stage of political philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D091.4
本文编号：2503499
[Abstract]:Modern social contract theory is the first time that human beings regard themselves as the protagonist to understand the origin of society and the state, which lays the foundation of modern political theory. Therefore, as an important stage of political philosophy research and the forerunner of today's political theory, it is worthy of our attention and research. As far as the ideological origin of modern social contract theory is concerned, it can be traced back to ancient Greece. Socrates, a wise man, defends the dignity of law to death and embodies the germination of contract thought. Epicurus school and Stoya school first mentioned the thought of social contract, the former formulated a basic framework for social contract theory, the latter laid a solid theoretical foundation for the building of social contract theory. At Glatheus, he combined natural law with contract theory and opened the door to modern social contract theory. Hobbes expounds the thought of social contract theory completely from the point of view of teleology. He believes that people have concluded contracts, got rid of the state of natural disorder, and formed a national community in order to realize self-preservation, which is the highest criterion of natural law. However, his thought of contract theory did not lead to the conclusion of freedom and equality of subjects, on the contrary, it came to a more autocratic political model, which became a autocratic defense theory, which was controversial. Locke believes that the state of the state and society is a bridge for people to move towards a new "natural state". He is more concerned about the "freedom" of human beings. He believes that the state is to ensure the safety of human life, freedom and property, and the rights of the government are limited. It can only use the rights transferred to them by the subjects to protect human freedom. Rousseau's theory of social contract is more concerned about equality. He believes that in order to overcome and eliminate social inequality, a democratic state based on social contract must be established. People transfer their own rights to the state, this collective will is the will of the public, the rights of the state belong to all the people, the state exercises power to ensure the freedom and equality of the people. Kant gives a novel philosophical basis and explanation to the origin of the country. He puts aside the inference of experience and holds that from natural law to social contract is a public postulate of practical rationality, which has nothing to do with practical experience, so that social contract becomes the demand of moral rationality and lays it on his moral philosophy and historical philosophy. By combing the theory of contract in modern society, we can better understand its historical significance and far-reaching influence as an important stage of political philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D091.4
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