试析日本早期神佛关系的发展脉络

发布时间：2018-09-02 07:39

【摘要】：在日本思想史的研究中,神佛关系这一主题的重要性就如同日本佛塔中的"心柱"一般,不仅伴随着民族形成、国家建立、对外扩张直至走向现代化的始终,也伴随着其意识形态的形成、民族意识的崛起以及思想全面开放的全过程,可以说把握神佛关系的脉络就意味着抓住了日本历史与思想发展的主干。现今,神佛关系虽已被探讨百年有余,日本的学术界仍以中世为重点,也多从"神佛习合"的角度来考察这一主题,对这一问题的研究视角与涵盖范围尚有局限。本文拟从日本的古代开始探讨,且将神佛关系置于经济、政治基础之上加以考察,力图从更为深远的视角来展现这一关系的形成与早期发展的脉络,以补充这一研究的空白。本文的论述以经济发展为起点,进而讨论由经济所决定的政体,最后对宗教进行展开讨论。本文将宗教与历史、理论与现实结合起来,从而将神佛关系的早期发展脉络划分为神佛混淆、神佛并行和神佛习合三个阶段。首先,本文探讨了国家形成之前的原始神道,在分析古代史料和近现代学者的理论的基础上,以当时的经济需求、政治形势和文化背景为依据,反驳了一直以来占据主流的"神佛相争"论,将这一时期的神佛关系总结为神佛混淆。其次,本文的论述重点放在律令制国家时期,这时的日本开始建立中央集权的政治体制,地方的生产力与政治权力都在朝廷的主导下流向中央,而神道与佛教也广泛参与到这一建设过程中,并各自承担了维护经济秩序与政治体制方面的重任,因此这一时期的神佛关系可以被总结为神佛并行。最后,在律令制国家的建立过程中,经济、政治方面都有不彻底的因素,导致中央集权的政治体制缺少了坚固的经济基础,其权力的集中也无法得到保障,因此,在平安时代之后,生产力和政治权力开始回归地方,形成了庄园经济和地方割据。与这种社会现实相应,神佛关系不再受制于中央,在地方也出现了以反抗宗教秩序为目的的神佛习合思潮。此后,随着地方势力的壮大,习合逐渐成为神佛关系的主流。
[Abstract]:In the study of the history of Japanese ideology, the importance of the theme of the relationship between God and Buddha is similar to the "heart pillar" in the Japanese pagoda. It is not only accompanied by the formation of a nation, the establishment of a country, and the expansion of the country until it moves towards modernization. With the formation of its ideology, the rise of national consciousness and the whole process of open thinking, it can be said that grasping the context of the relationship between God and Buddha means grasping the main body of Japanese history and thought development. Nowadays, although the relationship between God and Buddha has been discussed for more than one hundred years, the academic circles in Japan still focus on the Middle World and study this subject from the angle of "the practice of God and Buddha". The research angle and the scope of coverage of this issue are still limited. This paper tries to explore the relationship between God and Buddha on the basis of economy and politics from the ancient Japan, and tries to reveal the formation and early development of the relationship from a more profound perspective, so as to supplement the blank of this study. This paper takes economic development as the starting point, then discusses the polity determined by economy, and finally discusses religion. In this paper, religion and history, theory and reality are combined to divide the early development of the relationship between God and Buddha into three stages: the confusion of God and Buddha, the concurrency of God and Buddha, and the confluence of God and Buddha. First of all, this paper discusses the primitive Shinto before the formation of the country, based on the analysis of ancient historical materials and the theories of modern scholars, and on the basis of the economic needs, political situation and cultural background at that time. It refutes the argument of "the contention of God and Buddha" which has been the mainstream all along, and sums up the relationship between gods and Buddhas in this period as the confusion of gods and Buddhas. Secondly, this paper focuses on the period of the legal system, when Japan began to establish a centralized political system, the local productive forces and political power flow to the central government under the leadership of the court. The Shinto and Buddhism also participated in the construction process, and each undertook the important task of maintaining economic order and political system, so the relationship between God and Buddha in this period can be summed up as the parallel of God and Buddha. Finally, in the process of establishing a country under the command system, there were incomplete factors in the economic and political aspects, which led to the lack of a solid economic foundation for the centralized political system and the inability to guarantee the centralization of its power. After the peaceful times, productive forces and political power began to return to the local areas, forming the manor economy and local separation. Corresponding to this social reality, the relationship between God and Buddha is no longer subject to the central government. Since then, with the growth of local forces, habituation has gradually become the mainstream of the relationship between God and Buddha.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B929

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