黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦物种分化研究

发布时间：2018-04-04 09:45

本文选题：黄脸油葫芦　切入点：黑脸油葫芦　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：油葫芦属Teleogrylus隶属于昆虫纲Insect直翅目Orthoptera蟋蟀科Gryllidae。油葫芦属昆虫分布广泛,是一类重要的农业害虫也常被用于行为学和神经生物学等学科的研究,是一类重要的模式动物,但在很多以其为模式动物的研究中,种名常常被混淆,出现张冠李戴的现象。因此,明确我国油葫芦属蟋蟀分类特征、澄清其种间关系显得格外重要。在油葫芦属中黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦外形极其相似,较难区分,本文以在我国广泛分布的黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦为研究对象,从其形态特征、生活史的季节性适应、地理性适应、召唤声及其相关行为趋向性几个方面进行研究,以期从不同角度对两种油葫芦的差异进行系统比较分析,从而达到对二者快速区分、准确鉴定的目的,为以后该物种相关生物学实验提供基础,并为油葫芦的人工饲养以及以鸣声为基础的害虫生物防治提供依据。主要研究结果如下:1.黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦形态差异研究本研究通过检视采自不同地区的黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦馆藏标本发现存在以下几点差异:(1)雄性外生殖器形状不同,主要区别在于黄脸油葫芦雄性外生殖器的阳茎基背片端缘具有3个钝圆凸起,而黑脸油葫芦的阳茎基背片端缘3个凸起比较尖锐。(2)黄脸油葫芦后足基附节内缘刺的数量少于黑脸油葫芦,黄脸油葫芦一般为1-4,后者一般为5-7;且从总体看,黄脸油葫芦各足刺的变化范围小于黑脸油葫芦,黄脸油葫芦的各足刺的变化范围一般是2个,黑脸油葫芦的变化范围为3个;(3)两种油葫芦的头长/后足股节长、前胸背板长/后足股节长、后翅长/后足股节长、产卵器/后足股节的比值均存在显著差异(p0.05);黄脸油葫芦的头长以及产卵器长的相对长度大于黑脸油葫芦,而前胸背板长以及后翅长的相对长度小于黑脸油葫芦。2.黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦生活史季节性适应研究光周期、温度作为稳定的季节信号,蟋蟀的生命周期随之呈现出规律性变化。本研究结果显示:黄脸油葫芦的卵为滞育型,在30℃条件下83天时开始出现孵化现象,且无显著规律性;低温处理后,卵在第15天开始孵化且整齐;黑脸油葫芦卵为非滞育型,在30℃条件下第13天孵化。黄脸油葫芦属于短日照反应型,在短日照条件下(LD12:12)生长速度比长日照条件下(LD16:8)快,羽化成虫时间短;黑脸油葫芦属于长日照反应型,在长日照条件下生长发育速度比短日照条件下迅速。在25℃和30℃条件下的成虫羽化时间规律相同,且随着温度的升高,两种油葫芦的发育速度都有所加快。对各个温度、光周期条件下两者的身体特征测量研究发现:黄脸油葫芦在同一温度短日照条件下(LD12:12)成虫体型最小。相同光周期下温度升高,成虫速度加快成虫体型较小。黑脸油葫芦在同一温度长日照条件下(LD16:8)成虫体型较小。黄脸油葫芦成虫体型大小受若虫发育历期影响,随时间的增长体型增大;黑脸油葫芦不同光周期下体型大小同时受生长发育时间和若虫滞育的影响。即使成虫速度较慢但成虫大小间差异不显著。在25℃条件下,黑脸油葫芦长日照条件和短日照条件下若虫发育历期存在显著性差异,而体型大小及各形态特征间均无显著性差异(p0.05)。相关性分析显示:在25℃及30℃条件下黄脸油葫芦的体型大小及各形态特征与光周期间存在显著相关,除产卵器长度外其它各形态特征间均呈现极显著相关性;黑脸油葫芦的体型大小在25℃条件下体型大小与光周期无显著相关,3℃条件下显著相关。对同一温度及光周期条件下黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦的后足股节长与发育历期的关系分析发现其随若虫发育历期增长而增长。光周期反应类型可以作为鉴别黄脸油葫芦及黑脸油葫芦的有效手段之一。3.黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦地理适应性研究研究发现从采集地的不同也可以对二者进行一定的区分,黄脸油葫芦主要分布在长江以北,黑脸油葫芦主要分布在长江以南,而在长江流域附近采集到的油葫芦标本鉴定则需要辅助其他鉴别特征。两种油葫芦体型的大小随着纬度的升高均呈现出减小的趋势。相关性分析结果表明:两种油葫芦除产卵器外其它形态特征大小与纬度存在极强的相关性(p0.01),产卵器长与后足股节长的比值随纬度的升高而增大,与体型大小随纬度的变化趋势相反。4.黄脸油葫芦和黑脸油葫芦召唤声比较研究通过对两种油葫芦召唤声分析发现,两种油葫芦召唤声之间存在差异,黄脸油葫芦的召唤声包括主音和陪音两部分,陪音组中靠近主音的陪音脉冲数目多;黑脸油葫芦的召唤声结构较简单,只有主音部分,主音的脉冲数目较为稳定。两种油葫芦在25℃和30℃两个温度梯度下鸣声各个特征间均无显著差异。对两种油葫芦雌性个体的鸣声趋向研究发现:两种油葫芦的雌性个体对同种雄性鸣声能够识别且表现出趋近行为,而对不同种的鸣声则表现出趋避的现象。本研究从行为学方面为两种油葫芦的区分提供一定的依据。综上所述,对两种油葫芦进行区分可以从以下几个方面:使用雄性生殖器可以准确对二者进行区分;两种油葫芦的后足基附节内缘刺数目、头长、前胸背板长、后翅长以及产卵器长的相对长度差异显著;卵是否存在滞育现象;光周期反应类型不同,体型大小随光周期的变化趋势存在差异;召唤声结构差异显著,雌性个体对同一物种的雄性召唤声表现出趋近,而对不同种雄性召唤声则表现出趋避的现象。
[Abstract]:Teleogryllus Teleogrylus belonging to Insecta Insect Orthoptera Gryllidae. Orthoptera Gryllidae insect oil gourd is widely distributed, is a kind of important agricultural pests were also used to study the behavior and neural biology, is a kind of important animal model, but in its research for many of the animal model, called there is often confusion, the wrong person phenomenon. Therefore, clear our Teleogryllus cricket classification features, clarify the relationship between species is particularly important. In Teleogryllus in t.emma and black oil gourd shape is very similar, it is difficult to distinguish, in this paper, widely distributed in Chinese t.emma and black oil the gourd as the research object, from the morphological characteristics, seasonal life history adaptations, geographic adaptation of call and behavior tendency in several aspects, from different angles on the two kinds of oil gourd A comparative analysis of the differences of Lu system, so as to achieve rapid and accurate identification of distinction between the two, to provide the basis for the species related to biological experiments, and provide the basis for artificial breeding and to call oil hyacinth based biological pest control. The main results are as follows: 1. t.emma and black oil gourd shape the difference of this research by examining the collected from different regions of t.emma and black oil gourd specimens found the following differences: (1) the male genitalia of different shapes, the main difference is that Yang stem t.emma male genitalia back sheet edge has 3 rounded convex, while Yang stem the back piece black oil gourd end 3 raised sharp. (2) t.emma foot base number less than black thorn festival of inner oil gourd, t.emma is 1-4, which is 5-7; and Overall, the variation range of t.emma each foot thorn less than black oil gourd, the range of the foot of t.emma thorn is 2, the variation range of black oil hyacinth is 3; (3) two oil gourd head length / hind femur length, pronotum length / after the femur length, hind wing length / hind femur length, the ratio of ovipositor / hind femur were significant difference (P0.05); the relative length of t.emma head length and ovipositor length is greater than the black oil gourd, and pronotum and long hind wings long photoperiod on the relative length of less than to adapt to the black oil gourd.2. t.emma and black oil gourd life history of seasonal, seasonal temperature signal as stable, cricket life cycle to reveal the regularity of changes. The results of this study show that: t.emma diapause eggs, under the condition of 30 DEG C for 83 days began to hatch, and No significant regularity; after low temperature treatment, the first fifteenth days of hatching eggs and eggs in order; black oil gourd non diapause type, at 30 DEG C under 13 days incubation. T.emma belongs to short day response type, in conditions of short photoperiod (LD12:12) growth rate than under long day conditions (LD16:8) quickly time is short, adults; black oil gourd belongs to the long day response type, in under the condition of long day growth rate faster than short day conditions. The adult emergence time law in 25 degrees and 30 degrees under the same conditions, with the increase of temperature, the two oil hyacinth growth rate has accelerated. For each the study of body temperature, photoperiod characteristics measured under conditions that: t.emma at the same temperature under short day (LD12:12) was the smallest. The same light cycle temperature, speed up the body more adult adult small black oil in the gourd. The same temperature under long day conditions (LD16:8) were smaller. T.emma adult size by nymphal duration, the size increased with the growth of time; black oil gourd different photoperiod size and affected by the growth time and nymphal diapause. Even adult slower but the difference between adult size significant. Under the condition of 25 DEG C, there is a significant difference between the duration of development of black oil hyacinth nymphs of long and short day conditions, while the size and morphological characteristics showed no significant differences (P0.05). Correlation analysis showed that: during the period of the yellow oil of 25 DEG C and 30 DEG C under the condition of gourd size and the morphological characteristics and photoperiod were significantly related, in addition to ovipositor length many morphological characteristics showed a significant correlation between the size of black gourd; oil body under the condition of 25 DEG C and the size of light week No significant correlation, the temperature of 3 DEG C significantly. On the same yellow oil temperature and photoperiod conditions and black oil gourd gourd hind femur length and development duration analysis is found with the nymphal duration increase. Photoperiod response types can be used as one of the effective means of identification of yellow oil hoist and hoist.3. black oil t.emma and black oil gourd geographic adaptability research found that different from collection can also be a distinction between the two, t.emma mainly distributed in the north of the Yangtze River, black oil hyacinth mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River, while in the oil collected near the Yangtze River gourd you need to identify other auxiliary specimen identification features. Two kinds of oil gourd body size with increasing latitude showed a decreasing trend. The correlation analysis results showed that the two kinds of oil in the gourd ovipositor. It features the size and latitude are very significant (P0.01), ovipositor length and hind femur length ratio increases with the increase of latitude, and size change trend with latitude in.4. t.emma and black oil gourd call through a comparative study of two kinds of oil gourd call analysis two, call the differences between oil hyacinth, t.emma call consists of two parts: the tonic and overtone partials, group near the tonic overtone pulse number call structure; black oil gourd is relatively simple, only the part number of pulse tonic is relatively stable. There were no significant differences between the two kinds of oil gourd song at 25 degrees and 30 degrees two temperature gradient among different characteristics. Two kinds of oil hyacinth females chirp trend research found that: two kinds of oil gourd female individuals of the same can be identified and the male song Adient behavior of different types of songs, and showed avoidance phenomenon. To provide a basis for distinguishing this research from the aspect of behavior for two kinds of oil gourd. In summary, the two kinds of oil gourd can distinguish from the following aspects: the use of two male genitalia can accurately distinguish two kinds of oil gourd; after the foot base of section inner thorn number, head length, pronotum length, relative length difference and long hind wing ovipositor length significantly; the existence of egg diapause phenomenon; photoperiod response of different types, size change with light cycle differences; acoustic structure difference call significantly, call the female to male the same species exhibit approach, and the different types of male call showed avoidance phenomenon.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q969

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