产业集群知识与创新：理论、机制与证据

发布时间：2017-12-30 22:19

本文关键词：产业集群知识与创新：理论、机制与证据　出处：《南京大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在如今知识经济的背景下,面对日新月异的技术变革,企业唯有“以变来应万变”,才能在竞争激烈的市场中存活下来,保持竞争优势。因此不断地创新对于企业的生存与发展有着至关重要的作用。随着信息化和全球化的深入发展,让我们身边充斥着大量的信息,我们正处于一个信息爆炸的时代。然而,对于企业来说,过多的信息让个体企业很难或需要耗费大量的精力和时间分辨出哪些信息是真正有效的信息,这时行业内相似的或上下游企业之间的近距离合作能够缓解这种由于信息的不对称带来的不确定性和风险,帮助企业创新找到正确的方向,并得到强有力的执行。伴随着社会分工的细化和企业创新风险的提高,集群成为全世界范围内重要的组织形式之一,成为企业创新的重要场所。集群对于创新来说最有吸引力的地方在于集群成员处于相同的行业中,对行业内的发展和前沿的技术创新都有深刻的认识,能够在长期的接触中进行观念的碰撞,进而产生创造性的想法,同时又由于这些企业处于行业生产链的不同环节,一旦集群内企业产生创造性的想法,上下游企业能够迅速将这些想法进行打磨、完善,进而实施,对于将企业的创新由想法变为技术创新,最终商业化为产品创新提供了坚实的基础和支撑。因此,如何增强集群企业的交流与合作,促进集群的创新是集群和企业面临的关键问题。在这里,集群企业交流与合作的主要载体和目的即为集群内企业间知识的获取、传播、转换和吸收,这无疑是影响集群和企业创新最直接和最关键的因素之一。知识基础观在集群创新领域的发展是集群重要的研究方向之一。集群知识基础观将集群视为一个知识创造的场所(Lorenzen Maskell,2004；Maskell,2001；Maskell Malmberg,1999),集群通过增强个体企业知识创造的能力来为整个集群和集群企业获取竞争优势(Lawson Lorenz,1999; Tallman et al.,2004)。因此,知识基础观的基本着眼点是知识。为了深入挖掘知识在集群和企业创新中的作用机制,我们有必要将知识分类后进行探讨。根据知识在创新过程中所起到的作用,可分为整体性知识(Architectural Knowledge)和组成性知识(Component Knowledge)。这些知识虽然在Henderson Clark (1990), Matusik Hill(1998), Tallman et al. (2004)等的文章中做了详细的阐述和定义,但是由于整体性知识的丰富内涵,现有文献对于整体性知识的定义依然过于宽泛而难以进行准确地理解,因此从理论上深入挖掘整体性知识的内涵非常有必要。除了深入探讨整体性知识的定义和内涵以外,在本研究中,集群和企业两个层次的相互作用也在集群和企业创新中扮演着重要的角色。在集群企业的产生和发展历程中,集群作为一个最重要的情境起到了不可或缺的作用。企业的发展离不开集群提供的网络关系(Carbonara,2002)、技术支持、知识溢出(Marshall,1920)和竞争合作关系(Porter,1998)等。企业作为集群最基本的组成单位,集群创新和发展取决于集群中个体企业的创新以及企业之间的合作(Arikan,2009; Tallman eta1.,2004)。然而,集群的创新能力并非所有集群企业创新能力的简单加总,两个层次之间的相互作用也会对集群和企业创新提供不可忽视的有意义的解释机制。已有的研究主要从单一层面(集群或企业)考虑知识对创新的促进作用,而很少整合这两个层次来探索集群之间、企业之间、企业和集群之间的相互作用对集群和企业创新的作用机制。因此,我们应该综合集群和企业两个层次的研究来探索集群与企业之间相互影响,相辅相成的关系对创新绩效的影响。本文试图从知识基础观理论和社会资本理论出发,通过整合集群和企业两个层次的研究,并将整体性知识分为三个维度,探讨整体性知识三个维度对组成性知识的作用如何影响集群和企业创新的具体作用机制。本文分两个研究,分别从理论和实证上来试图回答以上的研究问题。研究一主要是关于理论发展的模型,基于整体性知识和组成性知识的分类标准,致力于从集群和企业两个层次将整体性知识明确划分为三个不同的维度,并探讨整体性知识的这三个维度对组成性知识的相互作用如何影响集群和企业创新的整合模型；研究二,通过收集数据,实证分析了企业整体性知识影响组成性知识获取和吸收的路径,同时在集群整体性知识的一个重要表现——集群吸收能力的调节作用下,最终如何影响企业创新的作用机制。具体地：研究一从知识基础观的理论视角出发,结合集群和企业社会资本的相关理论,构建了一个在集群和企业两个层次的整合模型。基于创新过程将知识分为整体性知识和组成性知识,其中整体性知识由于丰富的内涵,划分为三个维度：结构维度、规范维度和认知维度。结构维度主要涉及到集群或企业所处的网络位置对于其获取资源的影响,一般来说,结构维度会影响到集群或企业组成性知识的获取,规范维度和认知维度则会影响到组成性知识的吸收和整合。因此,这三个维度综合起来会影响到组成性知识的获取、吸收和整合,而这两类知识之间的相互作用最终也会影响到企业和集群的创新绩效。同时,我们还探讨了企业整体性知识如何从较低的层次上影响和塑造集群整体性知识的机制,对于知识在集群和企业内的流动和交换有了更加深刻和全面的认识。研究二基于研究一所阐述的作用机制和提出的部分命题,构建了一个企业合作网络密度如何影响企业研发中心的建立,而企业研发中心的数量与企业新产品销售额之间的正向关系如何受到集群吸收能力的调节作用的跨层次模型。基于江苏省3个地级市51个乡镇产业集群305个企业的配对数据,进行实证分析的结果表明：企业合作网络密度会增加企业研发中心数量,企业研发中心数量的增多有利于企业新产品销售额的提升,同时,集群吸收能力增强了企业研发中心数量与企业新产品销售额之间的正向关系。本文以知识基础观作为研究的切入点,完成了理论发展模型与实证证据结合的两项研究。总的来说,本文对于集群知识基础观、社会资本理论、整体性知识和组成性知识、集群创新、企业创新等领域有一定理论贡献,对于集群知识的获取、流动、整合与吸收等和产业集群的创新有着较强的现实意义。最后本文讨论了这两项研究的不足之处和未来的研究方向。
[Abstract]:Now in the background of knowledge economy, in the face of technological change change rapidly, enterprises only "change to the status quo, to survive in the fierce competition in the market to maintain a competitive advantage. Therefore, continuous innovation for the survival and development of enterprises plays a very important role. With the further development of information technology and globalization, let we are surrounded by a large amount of information, we are in an era of information explosion. However, for the enterprise, too much information for individual enterprises are difficult or need to spend a lot of time and effort to distinguish what information is true and effective information, and close cooperation between the industry or similar enterprises to alleviate this because of information asymmetry caused by uncertainty and risk, help enterprise innovation and find the right direction, and strong execution. Along with the social division The refinement of innovation and raise the risk of cluster has become one of the most important organizational form in the whole world, become an important place for enterprise innovation cluster. The most attractive place for innovation is the cluster members in the same industry, technological innovation and development of the frontier in the industry have a profound understanding, can the concept of collision in the long-term contacts, and generate creative ideas, but also because of the different links of these enterprises in the production chain of the industry, once the enterprises in the cluster of creative ideas, the upstream and downstream enterprises can rapidly improve, these ideas are polished, and then the implementation for enterprise innovation by ideas into technology innovation, ultimate commercial foundation and provide a solid foundation for product innovation. Therefore, how to strengthen the exchanges and cooperation of cluster enterprises, promote innovation cluster is The key problems of the cluster and the enterprise. Here, the main carrier and the destination business exchanges and cooperation is the acquisition of knowledge among enterprises in cluster communication, conversion and absorption, this is undoubtedly one of the effects of cluster and enterprise innovation the most direct and important factor. Knowledge based view of development in the field of innovation cluster is one of the important research direction of the cluster. The cluster cluster based on knowledge as a knowledge creation place (Lorenzen Maskell, 2004; Maskell, 2001; Maskell Malmberg, 1999), enhance the ability of individual enterprise clusters through knowledge creation to obtain a competitive advantage for the enterprise cluster and cluster (Lawson Lorenz, 1999; Tallman et al., 2004). Therefore, knowledge based view of the basic point of knowledge. In order to dig the mechanism of knowledge in industrial clusters and enterprise innovation, we need the knowledge of classification According to the study. Knowledge plays a role in the innovation process, can be divided into the overall knowledge (Architectural Knowledge) and the composition of knowledge (Component Knowledge). Although these knowledge in Henderson Clark (1990), Matusik Hill (1998), Tallman et al. (2004), the article expounds the definition and detailed, but because of the rich connotation of the entirety of knowledge, the existing literature on the definition of the entirety of knowledge is still too broad and difficult to accurately understand, so theoretically the connotation the entirety of knowledge is very necessary. In addition to discuss the definition and connotation of the entirety of knowledge, in this study, each other effect of two levels of cluster and enterprises in cluster and enterprise innovation plays an important role. In the course of production and development of enterprise cluster, cluster as one of the most important situation can not be Or lack of effect. The development of the enterprise cannot do without cluster network relations (Carbonara, 2002), technical support, knowledge spillover (Marshall, 1920) and the competition cooperation relationship (Porter, 1998). As the most basic unit of enterprise cluster, cluster innovation and development depends on individual enterprise cluster the innovation and the enterprise cooperation (Arikan, 2009; Tallman eta1., 2004). However, the cluster innovation ability not all cluster enterprise innovation ability the simple sum, the interaction between the two levels will also provide noticeable meaningful explanation mechanism of cluster and enterprise innovation. The existing research mainly from single level (or cluster enterprises) to promote the innovation of knowledge, and rarely integrate the two levels to explore between clusters, interaction between enterprises, between enterprises and cluster mechanism of cluster and enterprise innovation. For this, we should explore the interaction between clusters and enterprises to study the two levels of comprehensive enterprise clusters and the influence of complementary relationship on innovation performance. This paper starts from the knowledge theory and social capital theory, through the integration of enterprise clusters and two research level, and the overall knowledge is divided into three to explore the mechanism of specific dimensions, three dimensions of knowledge on the composition of the overall knowledge of how the role of the effect of cluster and enterprise innovation. This paper is divided into two research, from both theoretical and empirical research to trying to answer the problem above. The research is mainly about the development of a theoretical model, the overall knowledge and knowledge. Based on the classification standard, committed to from the two levels of the cluster and the enterprise will overall knowledge clearly divided into three different dimensions, and to explore the overall knowledge of the three dimensions of composition How the interaction of knowledge integration model of cluster and enterprise innovation; two, through collecting the data, the empirical analysis of the enterprise knowledge path of the overall impact of knowledge acquisition and absorption, at the same time an important performance of the whole cluster knowledge -- moderating role of cluster absorptive capacity under the eventual impact mechanism the innovation of enterprises. Specifically: the theoretical perspective of research from a knowledge based view, combined with the theory of industrial clusters and enterprise social capital, set up a two level cluster and enterprise integration model. Based on the knowledge innovation process will be divided into the overall knowledge and knowledge, the entirety of knowledge because of the rich the content is divided into three dimensions: the dimension of structure, normative dimension and cognitive dimension. Dimensions are mainly related to the cluster or the network location for the Take effect, resources in general, structural dimensions will affect the cluster or enterprises to obtain knowledge of the composition specification, dimension and cognitive dimension will affect the absorption and integration of composition knowledge. Therefore, these three dimensions together will affect the composition of knowledge acquisition, absorption and integration, and the interaction between these two kinds of knowledge will eventually affect the enterprise and cluster innovation performance. At the same time, we also discuss the knowledge from the whole enterprise how to lower level influence and formation mechanism of cluster overall knowledge, have a more profound and comprehensive understanding of knowledge in clusters and enterprises within the flow and exchange. Based on the study of two mechanism study described and proposed some propositions, how to build a cooperative network density will affect the enterprise to establish R & D center, and R & D center and the number of enterprises Cross level model of how to regulate the positive relationship between the sales of new products by cluster absorptive capacity. Based on the 3 prefecture level city in Jiangsu province 51 township industrial cluster enterprises in 305 paired data, the results of empirical analysis show that cooperative network density will increase the number of R & D center, the number of enterprises has increased the R & D center sales of new products for enterprise promotion, at the same time, the cluster enhances the positive relationship between absorptive capacity and the number of corporate R & D center sales of new products. In this paper, based on knowledge as the starting point of the research, the two study theory model and empirical evidence combination is completed. In general, the cluster based on knowledge overall, the social capital theory, knowledge and knowledge innovation, cluster, have certain theoretical contribution to enterprise innovation and other fields, the cluster of knowledge It is of great practical significance to acquire, flow, integrate and absorb, and innovate industrial clusters. Finally, the shortcomings and future research directions of the two studies are discussed.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F273.1

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