中国和巴基斯坦减贫效果影响因素及减贫政策比较研究
发布时间：2021-03-29 17:35
贫穷是发展中国家的中心问题,是由收入、消费、健康、粮食和教育等影响因素引起的问题。尽管包括中国和巴基斯坦在内的世界上所有发展中国家都希望减少贫困,但在解决这一问题的整体方法上还没有达成共识。中国是一个快速发展的国家,巴基斯坦是一个正在采取有效措施来减少贫困的发展中国家。自1978年经济改革以来,中国就开始提出建议,并取得了显著的减贫效果。但是巴基斯坦的贫困程度却随着时间的推移一直波动。本文旨在了解中巴贫困的影响因素和减贫政策,通过对中国减贫进程的学习,比较巴基斯坦减贫进程落后的原因。本文利用巴基斯坦信德省和中国安徽省的家庭调查原始数据,在家庭调查的基础上,采用问卷调查的方法收集原始数据。最终的问卷调查是基于预先测试的调查,辅以面对面的访谈来收集数据。在了解了有关村庄及其人口的信息后,制定了一套综合抽样方法,利用这种方法来调查目标家庭。调查对象来自巴基斯坦信德省Kambar Shahdadkot（16个村）和Badin（14个村）地区的30个村,以及中国安徽省亳州（18个村）和舒城（12个村）县的30个村。本论文共使用了 800份整的问卷,其中包括400份来自巴基斯坦,400份来自中国。...
【文章来源】：安徽农业大学安徽省
【文章页数】：201 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
摘要
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 China's Progress to Reduce Poverty
1.1.1.
stStage: Structural Reform Promotes Poverty Relief（1978-1985）"> 1stStage: Structural Reform Promotes Poverty Relief（1978-1985）
nd Stage: Oriented-Development Poverty-Relief Drives（1986-1993）"> 2nd Stage: Oriented-Development Poverty-Relief Drives（1986-1993）
rd Stage:National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan（1994-2000）"> 3rd Stage:National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan（1994-2000）
th Stage:Poverty Reduction Strategy in the New Century（2001-2010）"> 4th Stage:Poverty Reduction Strategy in the New Century（2001-2010）
th Stage:Oriented-Development Poverty Reduction for China" s="" rural="" areas（2011-2020）'=""> 5th Stage:Oriented-Development Poverty Reduction for China's Rural Areas（2011-2020）
1.1.2. Public Investment in Education, Research and Infrastructure
1.1.3. Labour Absorption in Non-farm Sector and Urbanization
1.1.4. Regional Cooperation and Globalization
1.1.5. Rising Inequality in China
1.2 Poverty reduction in Pakistan:A Historical view
1.2.1. Land Reforms
1.2.2. Agricultural Growth and Rural Poverty
1.2.3. Rural Non-farm Economy
1.2.4. Urbanization
1.2.5. Public Spending
1.2.5.1. Rural & Social Development
1.2.5.2. Safety Nets and Income Transfer Programs
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Research Objectives
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Definition and Concept of poverty
2.2 Classifications/Types of poverty
2.2.1 Absolute Poverty
2.2.2 Relative Poverty
2.2.3 Situational Poverty
2.2.4 Generational Poverty
2.2.5 Urban Poverty
2.2.6 Rural Poverty
2.3 Causes of poverty
2.3.1 Causes of poverty in Pakistan
2.3.1.1 Poor Governance
2.3.1.2 Corruption
2.3.1.3 Lack of Education
2.3.1.4 Over Population
2.3.1.5 Health
2.3.1.6 Unemployment
2.3.2 Causes of poverty in China
2.3.2.1 Natural Environmental Factors
2.3.2.2 Educational Factors
2.3.2.3 Health Factors
2.3.2.4 Institutional Factors
2.4 The Vicious cycle of poverty theory
CHAPTER 3: THE THEORY BASIS HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Hypothesis
3.3 Household Survey Mechanisms
3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis
3.5 Econometric Model and Variable Specification
3.5.1 Binary logit model
3.5.2 Ordinary least Squares （OLS） regression
3.5.3 Specification of variables
3.6 Measurement of Inequality
CHAPTER 4: INFLUENCING FACTORS OF RURAL POVERTY ANDGOVERNMENTSUBSIDYPOLICIES
4.1 Demographic Factors
4.1.1 Age of the Household Head and Poverty
4.1.2 Household Size and Poverty
4.1.3 Female-Male Ratio and Poverty
4.1.4 Dependency Ratio and Poverty
4.1.5 Number of Infants in a Household and Poverty
4.2 Economic Factors
4.2.1 Land Ownership （acre） Operational Land Holding （acre/mu） in a Household andPoverty
4.2.2 Livestock Ownership in a Household and Poverty
4.2.3 Family Income Earners in a Household and Poverty
4.2.4 Outside Income Earners/Migrate Workers and Poverty
4.3 Social Factors
4.3.1 Health issues and Poverty
4.3.2 Education of Household Head and Poverty
4.4 Government Subsidy Policies
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Influencing Factors of Rural Poverty and Poverty Reduction between China andPakistan
5.1.1 Descriptive statistics （China and Pakistan）
5.1.1.1 Demographic Factors
5.1.1.2 Economic Factors
5.1.1.3 Social Factors
5.1.1.4 Government subsidy policies
5.1.2 Correlation Test
5.1.2.1 Correlation Test （Pakistan）
5.1.2.2 Correlation Test （China）
5.1.3 Binary Logit Method
5.1.3.1 Binary Logit Method （Pakistan）
5.1.3.2 Binary Logit Method （China）
5.1.4 Ordinary Least Square Regression
5.1.4.1 Ordinary Least Square Regression （Pakistan）
5.1.4.2 Ordinary Least Square Regression （China）
5.1.5 Comparative analysis of the results between China and Pakistan
5.1.6 Measurement of Inequality
5.1.6.1 Measurement of Inequality （Pakistan）
5.1.6.2 Measurement of Inequality （China）
5.2. Women Economic Status and Rural Poverty between China and Pakistan
5.2.1 Basic Demographic Characteristics of Women （Pakistan and China）
5.2.2 Women Employment Status （Pakistan and China）
5.2.3 Women'Contribution to Household’s Total Income （Pakistan and China）
5.2.4 Women Empowerment and Decision Power
5.2.4.1 Women Empowerment and Decision Power （Pakistan）
5.2.4.2 Women Empowerment and Decision Power （China）
5.2.5 Probit Regression Analyses （Pakistan and China）
5.2.6 Comparative Analysis of the Results between China and Pakistan
CHAPTER 6: POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES
6.1 Poverty Reduction Strategies of China
Stage Ⅰ: System Transition, Economic Results, and Poverty Reduction（1978-1985）
Stage Ⅱ: Establishment of Institutions, Strengthening of organization, and Development ofPoverty Alleviation（1986-1993）
Stage Ⅲ: Formulating Plans, Resolving Food and Clothing Issues, and Vigorous PovertyAlleviation （1994-2000）
Stage Ⅳ: Promulgating Outlines, Consolidating Achievements, and Poverty Alleviation in theNew Era （2001-2010）
6.2 Poverty Reduction Strategies of Pakistan
6.2.1 Land Reform and their Failure
6.2.1.1 The Land Reforms of 1959
6.2.1.2 The Land Reforms of 1972 and 1977
6.2.2 Social Safety Nets Programs
6.2.2.1 Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund （PPAF）
6.2.2.2 Benazir Income Support Programs （BISP）
Complementary Initiatives
（ⅰ）.Waseela-e-Rozgar
（ⅱ）. Waseela-e-Haq
（ⅲ）. Waseela-e-Sehet
（ⅳ）. Waseela-e-Taleem
6.2.3 Zakat
6.2.4 Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal
Major Projects/Achievements of PBM:
（a）. Individual Financial Assistance（IFA）
（b）. PBM Thalassemia Center
（c）. Special Friends of PBM
（d）. Pakistan Sweet Homes （Orphanage）
（e）. PBM Great Homes （Old Homes）
6.2.5 Employees Old Age Benefits Institution （EOBI）
6.2.6 Workers Welfare Fund （WWF）
6.2.7 Microfinance Facilities
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS
本文编号：3107912
【文章来源】：安徽农业大学安徽省
【文章页数】：201 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
摘要
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 China's Progress to Reduce Poverty
1.1.1.
stStage: Structural Reform Promotes Poverty Relief（1978-1985）"> 1stStage: Structural Reform Promotes Poverty Relief（1978-1985）
nd Stage: Oriented-Development Poverty-Relief Drives（1986-1993）"> 2nd Stage: Oriented-Development Poverty-Relief Drives（1986-1993）
rd Stage:National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan（1994-2000）"> 3rd Stage:National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan（1994-2000）
th Stage:Poverty Reduction Strategy in the New Century（2001-2010）"> 4th Stage:Poverty Reduction Strategy in the New Century（2001-2010）
th Stage:Oriented-Development Poverty Reduction for China" s="" rural="" areas（2011-2020）'=""> 5th Stage:Oriented-Development Poverty Reduction for China's Rural Areas（2011-2020）
1.1.2. Public Investment in Education, Research and Infrastructure
1.1.3. Labour Absorption in Non-farm Sector and Urbanization
1.1.4. Regional Cooperation and Globalization
1.1.5. Rising Inequality in China
1.2 Poverty reduction in Pakistan:A Historical view
1.2.1. Land Reforms
1.2.2. Agricultural Growth and Rural Poverty
1.2.3. Rural Non-farm Economy
1.2.4. Urbanization
1.2.5. Public Spending
1.2.5.1. Rural & Social Development
1.2.5.2. Safety Nets and Income Transfer Programs
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Research Objectives
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Definition and Concept of poverty
2.2 Classifications/Types of poverty
2.2.1 Absolute Poverty
2.2.2 Relative Poverty
2.2.3 Situational Poverty
2.2.4 Generational Poverty
2.2.5 Urban Poverty
2.2.6 Rural Poverty
2.3 Causes of poverty
2.3.1 Causes of poverty in Pakistan
2.3.1.1 Poor Governance
2.3.1.2 Corruption
2.3.1.3 Lack of Education
2.3.1.4 Over Population
2.3.1.5 Health
2.3.1.6 Unemployment
2.3.2 Causes of poverty in China
2.3.2.1 Natural Environmental Factors
2.3.2.2 Educational Factors
2.3.2.3 Health Factors
2.3.2.4 Institutional Factors
2.4 The Vicious cycle of poverty theory
CHAPTER 3: THE THEORY BASIS HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Hypothesis
3.3 Household Survey Mechanisms
3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis
3.5 Econometric Model and Variable Specification
3.5.1 Binary logit model
3.5.2 Ordinary least Squares （OLS） regression
3.5.3 Specification of variables
3.6 Measurement of Inequality
CHAPTER 4: INFLUENCING FACTORS OF RURAL POVERTY ANDGOVERNMENTSUBSIDYPOLICIES
4.1 Demographic Factors
4.1.1 Age of the Household Head and Poverty
4.1.2 Household Size and Poverty
4.1.3 Female-Male Ratio and Poverty
4.1.4 Dependency Ratio and Poverty
4.1.5 Number of Infants in a Household and Poverty
4.2 Economic Factors
4.2.1 Land Ownership （acre） Operational Land Holding （acre/mu） in a Household andPoverty
4.2.2 Livestock Ownership in a Household and Poverty
4.2.3 Family Income Earners in a Household and Poverty
4.2.4 Outside Income Earners/Migrate Workers and Poverty
4.3 Social Factors
4.3.1 Health issues and Poverty
4.3.2 Education of Household Head and Poverty
4.4 Government Subsidy Policies
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Influencing Factors of Rural Poverty and Poverty Reduction between China andPakistan
5.1.1 Descriptive statistics （China and Pakistan）
5.1.1.1 Demographic Factors
5.1.1.2 Economic Factors
5.1.1.3 Social Factors
5.1.1.4 Government subsidy policies
5.1.2 Correlation Test
5.1.2.1 Correlation Test （Pakistan）
5.1.2.2 Correlation Test （China）
5.1.3 Binary Logit Method
5.1.3.1 Binary Logit Method （Pakistan）
5.1.3.2 Binary Logit Method （China）
5.1.4 Ordinary Least Square Regression
5.1.4.1 Ordinary Least Square Regression （Pakistan）
5.1.4.2 Ordinary Least Square Regression （China）
5.1.5 Comparative analysis of the results between China and Pakistan
5.1.6 Measurement of Inequality
5.1.6.1 Measurement of Inequality （Pakistan）
5.1.6.2 Measurement of Inequality （China）
5.2. Women Economic Status and Rural Poverty between China and Pakistan
5.2.1 Basic Demographic Characteristics of Women （Pakistan and China）
5.2.2 Women Employment Status （Pakistan and China）
5.2.3 Women'Contribution to Household’s Total Income （Pakistan and China）
5.2.4 Women Empowerment and Decision Power
5.2.4.1 Women Empowerment and Decision Power （Pakistan）
5.2.4.2 Women Empowerment and Decision Power （China）
5.2.5 Probit Regression Analyses （Pakistan and China）
5.2.6 Comparative Analysis of the Results between China and Pakistan
CHAPTER 6: POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES
6.1 Poverty Reduction Strategies of China
Stage Ⅰ: System Transition, Economic Results, and Poverty Reduction（1978-1985）
Stage Ⅱ: Establishment of Institutions, Strengthening of organization, and Development ofPoverty Alleviation（1986-1993）
Stage Ⅲ: Formulating Plans, Resolving Food and Clothing Issues, and Vigorous PovertyAlleviation （1994-2000）
Stage Ⅳ: Promulgating Outlines, Consolidating Achievements, and Poverty Alleviation in theNew Era （2001-2010）
6.2 Poverty Reduction Strategies of Pakistan
6.2.1 Land Reform and their Failure
6.2.1.1 The Land Reforms of 1959
6.2.1.2 The Land Reforms of 1972 and 1977
6.2.2 Social Safety Nets Programs
6.2.2.1 Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund （PPAF）
6.2.2.2 Benazir Income Support Programs （BISP）
Complementary Initiatives
（ⅰ）.Waseela-e-Rozgar
（ⅱ）. Waseela-e-Haq
（ⅲ）. Waseela-e-Sehet
（ⅳ）. Waseela-e-Taleem
6.2.3 Zakat
6.2.4 Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal
Major Projects/Achievements of PBM:
（a）. Individual Financial Assistance（IFA）
（b）. PBM Thalassemia Center
（c）. Special Friends of PBM
（d）. Pakistan Sweet Homes （Orphanage）
（e）. PBM Great Homes （Old Homes）
6.2.5 Employees Old Age Benefits Institution （EOBI）
6.2.6 Workers Welfare Fund （WWF）
6.2.7 Microfinance Facilities
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS
本文编号：3107912
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shoufeilunwen/jjglbs/3107912.html
