新形势下我国甘蔗产业竞争力研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 16:29

本文选题：中国　切入点：新形势　出处：《福建农林大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：甘蔗是我国重要的食糖来源,近年来由于受农业资源条件和农业劳动力转移进程的影响,我国甘蔗产业生产成本高涨,比较效益低下,并面临着国内糖价随国际糖价下滑、和大量配额外原糖盲目无序进口的双重冲击的形势；同时也面临着高新科技日新月异,一些产业和经济体开始应用物联网、云计算、大数据等现代信息技术,并逐步进入机械化、智能化和互联网+的新时代。在这样的新形势下,本文着眼于当前我国甘蔗的生产、加工、贸易等环节的竞争力开展研究,结果如下：1、对我国甘蔗主产区5个省采用调查问卷面对面交谈和查阅资料的方式进行调研,结果表明我国甘蔗生产规模偏小,户均种植面积约5亩；种植行距以1.2米以下为主,51.95%农户采用牛工培土,机械收割率不到1%,机械化程度低；近几年全国甘蔗种植面积约2300-2400万亩,产糖量约1100-1300万吨,规模和糖产量与泰国相近,继巴西和印度之后排名世界第三；甘蔗生产成本约2150-2300元／亩,平均亩产4.8吨,蔗糖生产成本约4400-4800元／吨,约为澳大利亚、巴西的2倍多；甘蔗的含糖量和出糖率分别为13.8%和12.1%,略高于泰国的11.6%、10.5%,低于澳大利亚15.5%、14.2%；蔗糖贸易在国内外价差巨大且关税保护不足的情况下,近三年原糖进口约400万吨,贸易逆差大,严重冲击国内蔗糖产业。2、案例分析：以广西扶南东亚糖业有限公司为例,2013/14榨季其蔗区面积约33万亩,平均亩产5.25吨,蔗糖含量14.55%,出糖率12.73%,在国内同行属于领先水平。但是其品种单一化严重,ROC22占95%以上,远高于全国平均的60%左右；平均单产高于世界平均的4.8吨／亩,与巴西、澳大利亚等国相近；蔗糖分和出糖率高于泰国,与巴西持平,低于澳大利的15.5%、14.2%；当榨季每吨白砂糖含税成本5317.86元,销售亏损684.64元。直接折射出我国甘蔗产业除单位面积产量和蔗糖含量与世界主要产糖国接近之外,在品种结构、蔗区规模、加工品质、制糖成本等方面竞争力处于明显劣势。3、试验验证：在甘蔗主产区通过土地流转组建一个1500亩的甘蔗生产农场,3年的生产实践结果为：机械化生产模式下平均亩产为5.64吨,比常规生产模式的5.93吨减产了0.29吨；平均每亩收入为2368.8元,比常规生产模式下少收入121.8元,而生产成本比常规生产模式下节约了331.62元。因此,机械化生产模式下,每亩的净利润为136.86元,比常规栽培模式的-72.96元增收了209.83元。并初步筛选出了福农38、柳城05-136、粤糖55等3个在粤西地区相对适宜机械化栽培的品种；验证了我国机械化收割环节的含杂和损失与国外情况相当。但整个农场与世界糖主产国相比仍然没有竞争力,主要原因是农场规模太小,农机具闲置率高,农机与农艺并未完全融合。从侧面表明新形势下可通过扩大土地流转、开展适度规模经营、加快农机农艺融合等方面提高我国甘蔗产业竞争力。4、针对当前形势,我国应尽快推进甘蔗产业的结构性改革,整合土地资源,加强土地整治与规划,深挖节本增效潜力：一是推动土地流转和规划、强化水利建设和地力恢复工程,开展机械化、规模化经营；加大农业生产和农机补贴力度,鼓励成立甘蔗生产和农机合作社,大力发展专业种植户和糖厂租赁承包土地,实现企业化的专业化经营。二是通过产业技术体系指导建设优良苗圃、优化品种构成和熟制搭配,加快推广福农38、柳城05-136、柳城03-1137、桂糖29、粤糖55等高产、高糖、适应机械化栽培的品种,丰富蔗区品种遗传多样性；同时加快健康种苗、抗旱节水技术、现代农机农艺融合技术等方面的研发与应用推广。三是构建糖料产业政策扶持体系,化解食糖“价差驱动型进口”导致中国食糖产业“产量增、成本增、高库存与高进口”并存的困局；在主产区开展甘蔗种植直补试点,并严格限制配额外进口食糖,保护国内食糖产业。通过以上措施,力争在5-10年内每吨甘蔗降低成本100-120元,吨糖成本降低1000-1300元,大幅度提高我国甘蔗产业的竞争力。
[Abstract]:Sugarcane is an important source of sugar, in recent years due to the impact of agricultural resources and agricultural labor transfer process, high production cost in China's sugarcane industry, relatively low efficiency, and faced with the international and domestic sugar prices decline in sugar prices double impact and a large number of raw sugar import quota blindly and disorderly situation; also facing high tech industry and economy change rapidly, some began to use the Internet of things, cloud computing, big data and other modern information technology, and gradually entered the new era of mechanization, intelligent and Internet plus. In this new situation, this article focuses on the current China's sugarcane production, processing, trade and other aspects to carry out competition research results are as follows: 1, 5 provinces of China's major sugarcane producing areas by questionnaires face-to-face communication and access to information by way of research, results showed that the sugarcane production scale in our country is too small The average, about 5 acres of cultivated area; planting spacing to 1.2 meters below, 51.95% farmers using niugong hilling, mechanical harvesting rate of less than 1%, low degree of mechanization; the sugarcane planting area in recent years, about 2300-2400 acres, about 1100-1300 tons of sugar yield and sugar yield, size and similar to Thailand, after Brazil and India ranked third in the world; sugar cane production costs about 2150-2300 yuan per mu, the average yield of 4.8 tons, sugar production cost about 4400-4800 yuan / ton, about Australia, more than 2 times in Brazil; the sugar content in sugarcane and sugar yield were 13.8% and 12.1%, slightly higher than the 11.6% in Thailand, 10.5%, lower than Australia 15.5%, 14.2%; the sugar trade spread abroad in the huge and tariff protection under the condition of insufficient, nearly three years of raw sugar imports about 4 million tons, a large trade deficit, a serious impact on the domestic sugar industry.2 analysis, case: Guangxi Funan East Asia sugar has Limited company as an example, the 2013/14 crop of sugarcane area of about 330 thousand acres, the average yield of 5.25 tons, the content of sucrose 14.55%, sugar 12.73%, belong to the leading level in the domestic counterparts. But the single species serious, ROC22 accounted for more than 95%, far higher than the national average of about 60%; the average yield is higher than the world average of 4.8 tons per mu, with Brazil, Australia and other countries are similar; sucrose and higher than the rate of Thailand sugar, Brazil flat, lower than Australia 15.5%, 14.2% per ton of sugar crop; when the tax cost of 5317.86 yuan, sales of 684.64 yuan loss. Directly reflects China's sugarcane industry except per unit area yield and sucrose content with the world's major sugar producing countries close to the outside, in the sugarcane variety structure, size, processing quality, sugar cost competitiveness at a distinct disadvantage.3 test: in the main producing areas of sugar cane land transfer by the formation of a 1500 acres of sugar cane production The farm, 3 years of production practice results: mechanized production mode of the average yield of 5.64 tons, 5.93 tons of production mode than conventional production 0.29 tons per acre; the average income is 2368.8 yuan, compared to the conventional mode of production less income 121.8 yuan, and the cost of production than conventional production mode so the savings of 331.62 yuan., mechanized production mode, net profit per mu to 136.86 yuan -72.96 yuan, than the conventional cultivation pattern of the income of 209.83 yuan. And preliminary screened 38 Funong 05-136 Liucheng, Guangdong 55, sugar 3 in the western region is relatively suitable for mechanized cultivation varieties; verified and miscellaneous losses and abroad including our mechanized harvesting links. But the whole farm is compared with the world's sugar producing countries are still not competitive, the main reason is that the farm size is too small to implement high vacancy rates, agricultural machinery and agronomy did not fully show that the new situation from the side of fusion. Can through the expansion of land circulation, to carry out the appropriate scale of operation, accelerate the integration of agricultural agronomic and other aspects of improving.4 sugarcane industry competitiveness in China, in view of the current situation, China should promote structural reform of sugarcane industry as soon as possible, strengthen the integration of land resources, land remediation and planning, dig potential cost efficiency: one is to promote the circulation of land and planning. To strengthen the construction of water conservancy and soil restoration project, carry out mechanization and scale management; to increase agricultural production and agricultural subsidies, encourage the establishment of sugarcane production and agricultural cooperatives, vigorously develop the professional farmers and Sugar Land lease contract, implementation of specialized enterprises. The two is the industrial technology system to guide the construction of excellent nursery, optimize breed composition and cooked collocation, accelerate the promotion of agricultural 38, Liucheng 05-136, Liucheng 03-1137, cgx 29, Yuetang 55 high yield, high sugar, suitable for mechanized cultivation. A rich genetic diversity of sugarcane varieties; at the same time to speed up the healthy seedlings, drought resistance and water saving technology, promotion of development and application of modern agricultural agronomic integration technology. The three is to build a support system of sugar industry policy, to resolve the sugar "spread driven imports" to China sugar industry production increased, increasing cost, high inventory and high import coexistence dilemma; development of sugarcane planting in the main producing areas subsidies pilot, and strictly limit the quota of imported sugar, the protection of the domestic sugar industry. Through the above measures, and strive to 5-10 years of sugarcane per ton in reducing the cost of 100-120 yuan, the cost of tons of sugar reduced 1000-1300 yuan, greatly improve the competitiveness of sugarcane industry in China.

【学位授予单位】：福建农林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F326.12

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