边境地区双向开放的空间效应研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 23:08

  本文选题：双向开放 + 边境地区　； 参考：《广西大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：经济全球化和区域一体化的空间效应一直是区域科学的中心话题,边境地区也一直是研究经济一体化的天然实验室。但是,作为对外开放的第二扇“窗户”,我国边境地区的工业化和城镇化水平低,远距离、高分割、低密度的经济地理特征明显,是地理位置的前沿而经济发展不“前沿”。针对边境地区的外围处境,新经济地理学为这种空间结构的形成提供理论基础,认为我国对外开放的不平衡扩大了地区经济差异,沿海地区的开放先导性是使之成为经济活动集中区而其他地区为外围的重要原因。然而,开放不仅具有不平衡性的特质,还具有方向性,包括国际开放和国内开放。故而,边境地区的边缘化至少是双向开放共同作用的结果。当前,“一带一路”倡议将边境地区的开发开放提升到一个新的高度,推动我国区际化和国际化的深化协调发展,对我国边境地区的空间效应研究将成为世界边境地区研究的重要组成部分。鉴此,与已有强调国际开放作用和将聚焦范围集中在核心区的研究不同,本文突出开放的多层级方向和国际开放的不对称,并结合中国边境经济特征,探讨当边境地区由原来的国际开放不足和国内开放主导向国际和国内的双向开放并行发展之后,不同程度与层级的开放对边境地区经济活动区位选择带来什么新的冲击?是否会凸显边境地区作为国内外市场地理中心的区位优势,或是进一步被边缘化?围绕这一主题,在对已有理论和文献研究基础上,结合边境特征,本文提出边境双向开放空间效用的理论框架,进一步,通过对边境地区的双向开放模式和经济结构分析,定量化两个现实特征,并以此特征为基础,通过一个理论模型和两个实证检验展开研究。具体而言:首先,基于新经济地理学,结合边境区情,从理论层面揭示边境双向开放空间效应机制。边境地区的双向开放通过生活成本效应、国际市场接近效应、国内市场接近效应、本地市场效应、市场拥挤效应和竞争效应影响边境地区经济活动区位选择,各个效应之间存在多重的循环积累因果关系。其次,通过对双向开放含义与发展模式分析,结合我国区域发展政策的调整,可将我国的双向开放分为国际化、区际化和区内化的“三化”不足期、沿海国际化先行期、区际化主导期、国际化改革期以及“三化”协调深化期,边境地区直至1992年沿边开放政策的提出,才逐步走向国际化进程,衍生于国家区际化主导期。进一步,通过对边境地区的经济结构分析发现,边境地区的国际化、区际化和区内化程度都在提高,但是,国际开放程度滞后且落后于沿海地区、以工业为主导产业的产业集聚优势不强和工资水平不高的空间特征明显,此客观现实特征是本文立意的基础。再次,在边境地区的国际开放程度不高和要素集聚不强两个现实特征基础上,拓展新经济地理学经典的两区域模型,区别边境地区(B)和沿海地区(C)的开放水平差异,构建一个两国三区域、两部门(农业和制造业)以及两要素(农民和工人)的B-C模型,并通过数值模拟,揭示边境双向开放的空间效应。发现:1)国际贸易自由度与区际贸易自由度与边境地区的实际工资水平存在U型关系;边境区内贸易自由度与实际工资是非线性的递增关系。2)国际贸易自由度提高对国内两地区的工资差异存在先扩大后缩小再扩大和先缩小再扩大的两种可能性影响,具体扩大或缩小的转向是受到边境地区产业集聚水平的影响;当边境地区的国际贸易自由度不足沿海地区时,区际贸易自由度提高不利于边境地区相对工资水平的提高,易造成国内经济活动愈发的分割,强化核心一边缘结构;区内开放提高有助于提高边境地区的相对工资优势,进而缩小区域差距。3)双向开放通过改变经济系统集聚力和分散力的相对大小,进而影响企业和工人的区位再决策,导致产业(工人)的空间布局存在稳定的、不稳定的、对称的和非对称的多重均衡解。特别是存在一个边境突破点,当其他条件不变,而边境地区的对外开放水平超过这个值时,边境地区将成为绝对的发展制造业的核心区;当国际开放不足沿海地区时,存在一个核心突破点,若区际开放水平超过此值,沿海地区将成对绝对的核心区,边境地区成为发展农业的外围区。进而,在理论框架和模型基础上,选用西南边境省区的云南和广西为案例,考虑边境地缘特征,将国际开放分成与东盟国家的开放和与世界其他国家及地区的开放两个维度,并展开两个实证分析,包括产业(工业)集聚效应和工资效应。实证结果发现:1)区际开放对边境地区工业产生分散的空间效应,不利于边境地区工业集聚。区内开放与工业集聚存在U型关系,即,在前一阶段,区内贸易成本的下降更多造成经济要素的外流,边境地区吸引工业集聚的吸引力降低;在后一阶段,区内贸易成本的进一步降低能提高边境地区的吸引力,进而提高产业集聚水平。两个维度的国际开放的产业集聚效应不显著。2)与东盟的国际开放、与其他国家及地区的国际开放、区际开放和区内开放与边境地区实际工资存在U型关系。但是,考察期内,与东盟的国际开放的影响处于U型曲线后一阶段,具有正向的工资效应;对其他国家及地区的较低水平的国际开放的影响处于U型曲线的前一阶段,不利于边境地区工资水平的提高,具有负向的工资效应。3)产业集聚对边境地区的国际开放相对工资效应具有门槛作用。若产业集聚度低于门槛值时,与东盟的国际开放提高产生抑制边境地区相对工资提高的负效应,与其他国家的国际开放提高产生促进边境相对工资提升的正效应;若产业集聚度高于门槛值,则受到的国际开放的负效应不显著或不存在,正效应得到强化。区际开放和区内开放对地区工资差异影响并没有明显受到边境产业集聚水平的门槛约束,整体表现出区际开放的提高降低边境相对工资水平的负向作用和区内开放的提高提升相对工资水平的正向作用。此外,在实证研究中,还考虑边境地区的两个地理区位因素——邻边(国家边界)和邻核(核心市场)的工业集聚效应和工资效应,发现邻边与工业集聚效应和工资效应负相关,邻核度与工业集聚效应具有倒U型关系,与工资效应存在U型关系。最后,根据理论和实证研究,围绕边境地区的内生发展和区域协调发展关系,提出要把握好边境地区双向开放的层级型,即区内是基础,区际是关键,国际是平衡,以及要通过引导边境地区的产业集聚,调节地区发展与区域协调的矛盾的政策建议。
[Abstract]:The spatial effect of economic globalization and regional integration has always been the central topic of regional science, and the border area has always been a natural laboratory for economic integration. However, as the second "windows" of opening to the outside world, the level of industrialization and urbanization in the border areas of our country is low, long distance, high segmentation and low density of economic geography. In view of the periphery of the border area, the new economic geography provides a theoretical basis for the formation of this kind of spatial structure, and the unbalance of China's opening to the outside world expands the regional economic differences, and the opening forerunner of the coastal areas is to make it a concentrated area of economic activity. Other areas as an important reason for the periphery. However, open not only has the imbalance characteristics, also has direction, including the opening of international and domestic open. Therefore, the marginalization of the border area is at least two-way open interaction results. At present, "The Belt and Road initiative will enhance the development of the border area to open a new height The research on the spatial effect of China's border areas will be an important part of the study of the border areas in the world, which is different from the research that has emphasized the international opening and focusing on the core area. This article highlights the open multi-layer direction and international opening. When the border area is open to the international and domestic open and parallel development, what is the new impact on the location choice of the border region's economic activity after the opening of the border area to the international and domestic opening, and whether it will highlight the border region as a country? On the basis of the existing theory and literature, the theoretical framework of the two-way open space utility in the border area is put forward on the basis of the existing theoretical and literature research, and the quantitative analysis of the two-way open mode and economic structure of the border areas is carried out to quantify two current situations. A theoretical model and two empirical tests are carried out on the basis of this feature. Firstly, based on the new economic geography and the border area, the two direction open space effect mechanism is revealed from the theoretical level. The two-way opening of the border area is close to the effect of the cost of life, the international market is close to the effect, and the domestic market is close to the effect, and the domestic market is close to the effect of the international market. The market proximity effect, the local market effect, the market congestion effect and the competitive effect influence the location selection of the economic activities in the border areas, and there are multiple cyclic accumulation and causal relationships among the various effects. Secondly, through the analysis of the two-way open meaning and development model and the adjustment of the regional development policy in China, the two-way open point of China can be divided into two ways. For the international, regional and regional internalization of the "three" insufficiency period, the coastal internationalization of the first period, the interregional leading period, the international reform period and the "three" coordinated deepening period, the border area until the opening of the border open policy in 1992, has gradually moved towards the international process, derived from the national interregional leading period. Further, through the border The analysis of the regional economic structure shows that the internationalization, interregional and regional internalization of the border areas are improving, but the international openness is lagging behind and lagging behind the coastal areas, and the industrial agglomeration advantage is not strong and the wage level is not high, and the objective reality is the basis of this article. At the same time, on the basis of two realistic characteristics that the international openness of the border area is not high and the factor agglomeration is not strong, the two regional model of the new economic geography is expanded to distinguish the differences in the open level of the border region (B) and the coastal area (C), and the three region of the two countries, the two sector (agriculture and manufacturing) and the two elements (farmers and workers) are B- C model, and through numerical simulation, reveals the spatial effect of two-way open border. 1) there is a U relationship between international trade freedom and interregional trade freedom and actual wage level in border areas; trade freedom in border area and real wage are nonlinear increasing.2). International trade freedom is increased to two regions in China There are two possible impacts on the wage difference, which is the first expansion and then the expansion and the first reduction and then the expansion. The specific expansion or reduction of the shift is influenced by the level of industrial agglomeration in the border areas. When the degree of international trade freedom in the border areas is insufficient, the increase of the degree of freedom of interregional trade is not conducive to the relative wage level in the border areas. It is easy to increase the division of domestic economic activities and strengthen the core edge structure; the opening up in the region helps to improve the relative wage advantage of the border areas, and then narrow the regional gap.3) by changing the relatively small cohesion and decentralization of the economic system, and then affecting the location of the enterprises and workers. The spatial distribution of industry (workers) has a stable, unstable, symmetric and asymmetric multiple equilibrium solution. In particular, there is a border breakthrough point, when the other conditions are unchanged, and the border area's opening level exceeds this value, the border area will become the core area of the absolute development manufacturing industry. In Haiti District, there is a core breakthrough point. If the interregional opening level exceeds this value, the coastal areas will become the absolute core area and the border area will become the periphery of the development of agriculture. Then, on the basis of the theoretical framework and model, the Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest border provinces are selected as the cases, and the border geographical features are considered, and the international opening is divided into the open division. With the opening of ASEAN countries and the opening of two dimensions to other countries and regions in the world, two empirical analyses are carried out, including industrial (industrial) agglomeration effect and wage effect. The empirical results show that: 1) the spatial effect of interregional openness on the industry in the border areas is not conducive to Industrial Agglomeration in the border areas. There is a U relationship, that is, in the previous stage, the decrease of trade cost in the area is more causing the outflow of economic factors and the attraction of industrial agglomeration in the border area is reduced. In the latter stage, the further reduction in the cost of trade in the region can improve the attraction of the border areas, and then improve the level of industrial agglomeration. The two dimensions of international opening to the world are open. The effect of industrial agglomeration is not significant.2) with the international opening up of ASEAN, international opening up with other countries and regions, interregional opening and opening up and the actual wage of U in border areas. However, in the period of investigation, the influence of international opening up with ASEAN is in the latter stage of the U curve, and it has a positive wage effect; The lower level of international openness is in the first stage of the U curve, which is not conducive to raising the wage level in the border areas, and has a negative wage effect.3.) industrial agglomeration has a threshold effect on the international open relative wage effect in border areas. If the industrial agglomeration is lower than the threshold, the international opening up of ASEAN will be suppressed. The negative effect of relative wage increase in the border area and the increase of international openness in the border area have a positive effect on promoting the relative wage of the border. If the industrial agglomeration is higher than the threshold value, the negative effect of international openness is not significant or non existence, and the positive effect is strengthened. The influence of regional openness and intra regional openness on Regional Wage Differentials There is no obvious restriction on the level of border industrial agglomeration, and the overall performance of the interregional opening to reduce the relative wage level of the border and the increase in the level of relative wages in the region is positive. In addition, in the empirical study, the two geographical location factors in the border area, the neighboring countries (countries), are also considered. The industrial agglomeration effect and the wage effect of the adjacent core (core market) and the industrial agglomeration effect are negatively related to the industrial agglomeration effect and the wage effect. The relationship between the adjacent core and the industrial agglomeration effect has an inverted U relationship and a U relationship with the wage effect. Finally, according to the theoretical and empirical research, the endogenous development and regional coordinated development of the border areas are concerned. The Department proposes to grasp the two-way open level type in the border area, that is, the area is the foundation, the interregional is the key, the international is the balance, and the policy suggestion to regulate the contradiction between the regional development and the regional coordination is to guide the industrial agglomeration of the border areas.
【学位授予单位】：广西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F125
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本文编号：2015875