内蒙古国有林区贫困问题研究
发布时间：2018-07-18 21:17
【摘要】：国有林区是我国木材生产储备和生态建设重要战略基地。在上世纪七八十年代,出现了森林资源危机、企业经济危困的“两危”困境,国有林区建设停滞不前,职工生活困难。针对这一状况,国家和国有林区自身进行了一系列的探索,但由于历史积弊已久,贫穷落后的面貌并未从根本上改变。目前对于贫困问题的研究多侧重于农村地区,国家扶贫政策在也主要在农村地区实施,尚未完全覆盖至国有林区这一“不城不乡,非工非农”的特殊区域。基于上述背景,以内蒙古国有林区为研究对象,对其贫困问题进行理论分析和实证研究,试图回答两个问题：一是,内蒙古国有林区的贫困是怎么发生的?在哪个阶段出现?具有的特点是什么?形成的机制是什么?二是,内蒙古国有林区的贫困发生的范围和程度如何?贫困的主要影响因素是什么?如何有效地解决这一特殊区域的贫困问题?根据福利经济学理论,贫困会影响整体社会经济福利水平的提高,以此为主线,研究内蒙古国有林区贫困问题。从森林资源利用和变化的角度,梳理内蒙古国有林区发展历程,探究贫困发生的阶段及特点。内蒙古国有林区的贫困是随着可采森林资源的减少出现的,贫困状况表现在林业产值水平及增长速度较低、产业结构不合理、在岗职工工资水平较低、下岗职工生活困难、基础设施建设落后等方面,贫困具有对森林资源依赖程度大、个人生产资料稀缺、企业肩负的社会责任更多、人力资本水平低等特点。在此基础上,利用发展经济学、新制度经济学、区域经济学等理论从宏观和微观两个方面分析贫困发生机制。宏观方面,可采森林资源量减少引起产业结构变化、企业经济危机,产权制度安排造成国有林区企业社会负担沉重、企业生产效率较低、个人生产资料稀缺,自然区位劣势导致的接续产业发展不足、林地生产力低,国家投入和支持不足等是贫困产生的重要原因；微观方面,个人受教育程度、健康状况、社会资本等方面的弱势是贫困产生的主要原因,这两方面共同作用导致了内蒙古国有林区贫困的发生。内蒙古国有林区的贫困表现在区域整体贫困落后和微观个体贫困两个方面,利用贫困测度理论和方法从区域贫困和人口贫困两个方面进行实证研究：内蒙古国有林区的贫困是一个复杂的社会经济问题,建立了包含经济、社会、生态三个方面共22个指标的综合贫困指标体系,选取27个林业局2004年—2014年数据,采用面板数据因子分析方法进行贫困综合评价,提取出产业结构与资源量、森林资源潜力、就业与发展等8个公因子。结果表明：(1)从整体来看,产业和资源量因子、森林资源生态潜力因子是综合贫困的两个最重要公因子,贡献率达到40%。(2)各区域发展水平差异较大,五岔沟贫困度最高,为0.784,红花尔基贫困度最低,为-0.527。对各地区综合贫困度进行聚类分析,五岔沟、白狼、免渡河为重度贫困地区,南木、乌奴耳为中度贫困地区,甘河、巴林等5个地区为轻度贫困地区,毕拉河、满归等15个地区为脱贫地区,红花尔基、莫尔道嘎为较富裕地区。(3)各区域每个公因子的得分不同。在2004—2009年、2010年—2014年两个阶段内,贫困度及相对排名位置也有所变化。微观个体的贫困不仅表现在收入方面,在我国全面建设小康社会的目标下,贫困更表现在教育、健康、生活等多个方面。利用内蒙古国有林区607户有效家庭调研样本数据,从收入贫困和多维贫困两个角度对人口贫困进行实证分析。(1)国有林区人口属于城镇人口,以年人均收入7644元为相对贫困线,利用FGT指数测算贫困发生的广度和程度。结果表明,内蒙古国有林区收入贫困发生率为8.07%,贫困缺口率为19.63%,平方贫困距指数为0.64%,综合贫困指数为0.79%。(2)建立包含教育、健康、生活水平三个维度共8指标的多维贫困测度指标体系,有3个及3个以上指标贫困的家庭为多维贫困户。从单维贫困来看,卫生贫困发生率最高,为50.9%,其次为饮用水46.13%、燃料43.49%、住房33.11%。多维贫困发生率为43.16%,平均被剥夺指数为30.17%。(3)以是否贫困为因变量,选取家庭中在岗职工人数、户主年龄、受教育程度、所在社区等家庭特征作为自变量,建立logistic计量经济模型,对贫困影响因素实证分析。结果表明,家庭中在岗职工人数、是否有领导干部、是否兼业、户主年龄都对家庭收入有显著影响,但仅在岗职工人数一项对收入贫困有显著影响,家庭中每增加1名在岗职工,陷入收入贫困的概率降低1.8989。家庭中是否有领导干部对多维贫困的影响最大,若有领导干部,则家庭陷入多维贫困的概率降低1.4160,其次所在社区、在岗职工人数、户主年龄也对家庭多维贫困有显著影响。政府、国有林区、个人三方面采取的一系列政策措施通过保护与培育森林资源、提高基础设施建设水平、完善社会保障体系、促进社会经济发展,对反贫困起到了促进作用,取得了一定成效,但仍存在覆盖范围较窄,各层级目标不同,侧重于“输血”、而非“造血”等问题。在气候变化、经济新常态等背景下,内蒙古国有林区反贫困还面临着资金困难和就业压力的挑战,应将国有林区反贫困放在生态文明建设的重要位置,从以救济性政策为主向以救济政策为基础、开发政策为主转变,从收入贫困救助转向多方位救助。因反贫困具有的巨大外部性、市场的逐利性和国有林区自身发展的弱质性,单独依靠某一方都不能实现全面反贫困和可持续发展。在继续以森林资源保护和培育为主要任务的前提下,根据经济学相关理论建立政府—市场双导向、国有林区参与的反贫困机制。政府主要在公共服务产品提供机制的完善与改革,反贫困制度与政策法规的制定,贫困标准的认定、测度与反贫困效果评估等方面发挥职能。市场在政府职能充分发挥的基础上,促进产业多元化发展,培育增长极、调整产业布局,促进经济成分和主体多元化。国有林区通过为反贫困提供具体信息,提高劳动力素质,为产业发展提供劳动力,借助产业的布局调整促进劳动力转移等,提高自主脱贫的能力,积极参与反贫困。并提出健全社会保障体系,建立国有林区生态补偿机制,加快国有林区改革步伐,建立国家公园体制等政策建议。
[Abstract]:The state-owned forest area is an important strategic base for China's timber production and reserve and ecological construction. In the 70s and 80s of last century, the crisis of forest resources, the "two danger" predicament of the enterprise economy, the construction of the state-owned forest areas were stagnant and the workers' life was difficult. For a long time, the face of poverty and backwardness has not been fundamentally changed. At present, the research on poverty is mainly focused on rural areas, and the national poverty alleviation policy is also mainly implemented in rural areas, and has not yet fully covered the special area of "non townships, non workers and non agriculture" in the state-owned forest areas. Based on the above background, the state of Inner Mongolia is in the state of China. The forest area is the research object, to carry on the theoretical analysis and the empirical study to its poverty problem, and try to answer two questions: first, how does the poverty in Inner Mongolia state forest area happen? In which stage? What are the characteristics and the mechanism of formation? Two, how is the scope and degree of poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest areas What is the main influence factor of poverty? How to effectively solve the problem of poverty in this particular area? According to the theory of welfare economics, poverty will affect the improvement of the overall social and economic welfare level, and take this as the main line to study the problem of poverty in the state owned forest area of Inner Mongolia. From the perspective of the utilization and change of forest resources, the state forest area of Inner Mongolia is combed. The development process and the characteristics of poverty occur. The poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is accompanied by the decrease of the recoverable forest resources. The poverty situation is manifested in the low level of forestry output value and the low growth rate, the unreasonable industrial structure, the low wage level of the workers at the post, the difficult living of the laid-off workers and the backward infrastructure construction, etc. On the basis of the theory of development economics, new institutional economics, and regional economics, the poverty occurrence mechanism is analyzed from two aspects of macro and micro aspects. On the basis of this, the forest resources can be collected on macro and macro aspects. The decrease of source quantity causes industrial structure change, enterprise economic crisis, property right system arrangement cause heavy social burden of enterprises in state-owned forest area, low efficiency of enterprise production, scarce personal production data, inadequate development of continuous industry, low productivity of woodland, insufficient investment and support of country, etc. On the microcosmic aspect, the weakness of individual education, health and social capital is the main cause of poverty. These two aspects have resulted in the occurrence of poverty in the state-owned forest areas of Inner Mongolia. The poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest areas is manifested in two aspects of regional poverty and micro individual poverty, and the use of poverty measure. The theory and method is an empirical study on two aspects of regional poverty and population poverty: poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is a complex social and economic problem, and a comprehensive poverty index system is set up in three aspects, including economic, social and ecological aspects, and the data of the 27 forestry bureaus from 2004 to 2014 are selected and the panel data are adopted. The sub analysis method is used for comprehensive evaluation of poverty, and 8 public factors, such as industrial structure and resources, forest resources potential, employment and development, are extracted. The results show that (1) from the overall point of view, industrial and resource factors, forest resources ecological potential factor is the two most important public factors of comprehensive poverty, and the contribution rate reaches 40%. (2) regions to develop water. The difference is great, the poverty degree of five fork gully is the highest, it is 0.784, and the poverty degree of Honghua base is the lowest. It is -0.527. to cluster analysis of the comprehensive poverty in various regions, five bifurcated gully, white wolf, free crossing river as severe poverty area, nanmu, Wu slave ear as medium poverty area, Gant River, Bahrain and so on 5 areas, 15 areas such as mildly poor area, Biala River, full return and so on For the poor areas, Honghua Erji and Moerda GA are more affluent areas. (3) the scores of every public factor in each region are different. In the two stages from 2004 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, the poverty and relative ranking position also changed. The poverty of microindividuals is not only reflected in income, but also in the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China. There are many aspects of poverty in education, health, life and so on. Using the sample data of 607 households in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the population poverty from two angles of income poverty and multidimensional poverty. (1) the population of the state-owned forest area belongs to the urban population, and the annual per capita income is 7644 yuan as the relative poverty line, and the FGT index is used to measure the poor. The result shows that the incidence of poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is 8.07%, the poverty gap rate is 19.63%, the square poverty distance index is 0.64%, the comprehensive poverty index is 0.79%. (2), and there are 3 and more than 3 indicators, including education, health and living standard of 8 indicators, with 3 and more than 3 indicators. Poor families are multidimensional poor households. From single dimensional poverty, the incidence of health poverty is the highest, 50.9%, followed by 46.13% of drinking water, 43.49% of fuel, 43.16% of the 33.11%. Multidimensional Poverty in housing, and the average deprivation index of 30.17%. (3) as the dependent variable, the number of workers in the family, the age of the household, the age of the household, and the education level. The logistic econometric model and the empirical analysis of the influencing factors of poverty are established. The results show that the number of working workers in the family, whether there are leading cadres, or not, and the age of the head of household have significant influence on the family income, but only the number of workers at the job has a significant influence on the income poverty. The probability of getting into income poverty per 1 workers in the court, the probability of falling into income poverty reduces the impact of the leading cadres on Multidimensional Poverty in 1.8989. families. If there are leading cadres, the probability of families falling into multidimensional poverty is reduced by 1.4160. The next community, the number of workers in the post, and the age of the household are also significantly affected by the Multidimensional Poverty of the family. The government, In the state-owned forest area, a series of policies and measures adopted by individuals in three aspects, through the protection and cultivation of forest resources, the improvement of the infrastructure construction level, the improvement of social security system and the promotion of social and economic development, have played a promoting role in promoting anti poverty, and achieved certain results. However, there are still narrow coverage and different levels of goals, focusing on "losing". In the background of the climate change and the new normal economy, the anti poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is facing the challenge of financial difficulties and employment pressure. It is necessary to put the anti poverty in the state-owned forest areas in the important position of the ecological civilization construction, from the relief policy to the relief policy and the development policy. Change, from income poverty relief to multi-directional assistance. Because of the huge externality of anti poverty, the profit of the market and the weak nature of the development of the state-owned forest areas, a single party alone can not achieve the overall anti poverty and sustainable development. Under the premise of continuing the protection and cultivation of forest resources as the main task, the economy is based on economics. The relevant theories establish the government market dual orientation and the anti poverty mechanism participating in the state-owned forest areas. The government plays the role in the improvement and reform of the mechanism of providing public service products, the formulation of anti poverty system and policies and regulations, the identification of poverty standards, the measurement of the measures and the evaluation of anti poverty effect. The market is the basis for the full play of the government functions. On the basis of this, we should promote the development of the industrial diversification, cultivate the growth pole, adjust the industrial layout, and promote the diversification of the economic components and main bodies. The state-owned forest areas provide specific information for anti poverty, improve the quality of the labor force, provide labor for the development of the industry, promote the transfer of the labor force by the adjustment of the layout of the industry, and improve the ability of independent poverty reduction. And anti poverty, and put forward to improve the social security system, establish the ecological compensation mechanism of the state-owned forest areas, speed up the pace of the reform of the state-owned forest areas, and establish the national park system and other policy proposals.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F326.2
本文编号：2132796
[Abstract]:The state-owned forest area is an important strategic base for China's timber production and reserve and ecological construction. In the 70s and 80s of last century, the crisis of forest resources, the "two danger" predicament of the enterprise economy, the construction of the state-owned forest areas were stagnant and the workers' life was difficult. For a long time, the face of poverty and backwardness has not been fundamentally changed. At present, the research on poverty is mainly focused on rural areas, and the national poverty alleviation policy is also mainly implemented in rural areas, and has not yet fully covered the special area of "non townships, non workers and non agriculture" in the state-owned forest areas. Based on the above background, the state of Inner Mongolia is in the state of China. The forest area is the research object, to carry on the theoretical analysis and the empirical study to its poverty problem, and try to answer two questions: first, how does the poverty in Inner Mongolia state forest area happen? In which stage? What are the characteristics and the mechanism of formation? Two, how is the scope and degree of poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest areas What is the main influence factor of poverty? How to effectively solve the problem of poverty in this particular area? According to the theory of welfare economics, poverty will affect the improvement of the overall social and economic welfare level, and take this as the main line to study the problem of poverty in the state owned forest area of Inner Mongolia. From the perspective of the utilization and change of forest resources, the state forest area of Inner Mongolia is combed. The development process and the characteristics of poverty occur. The poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is accompanied by the decrease of the recoverable forest resources. The poverty situation is manifested in the low level of forestry output value and the low growth rate, the unreasonable industrial structure, the low wage level of the workers at the post, the difficult living of the laid-off workers and the backward infrastructure construction, etc. On the basis of the theory of development economics, new institutional economics, and regional economics, the poverty occurrence mechanism is analyzed from two aspects of macro and micro aspects. On the basis of this, the forest resources can be collected on macro and macro aspects. The decrease of source quantity causes industrial structure change, enterprise economic crisis, property right system arrangement cause heavy social burden of enterprises in state-owned forest area, low efficiency of enterprise production, scarce personal production data, inadequate development of continuous industry, low productivity of woodland, insufficient investment and support of country, etc. On the microcosmic aspect, the weakness of individual education, health and social capital is the main cause of poverty. These two aspects have resulted in the occurrence of poverty in the state-owned forest areas of Inner Mongolia. The poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest areas is manifested in two aspects of regional poverty and micro individual poverty, and the use of poverty measure. The theory and method is an empirical study on two aspects of regional poverty and population poverty: poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is a complex social and economic problem, and a comprehensive poverty index system is set up in three aspects, including economic, social and ecological aspects, and the data of the 27 forestry bureaus from 2004 to 2014 are selected and the panel data are adopted. The sub analysis method is used for comprehensive evaluation of poverty, and 8 public factors, such as industrial structure and resources, forest resources potential, employment and development, are extracted. The results show that (1) from the overall point of view, industrial and resource factors, forest resources ecological potential factor is the two most important public factors of comprehensive poverty, and the contribution rate reaches 40%. (2) regions to develop water. The difference is great, the poverty degree of five fork gully is the highest, it is 0.784, and the poverty degree of Honghua base is the lowest. It is -0.527. to cluster analysis of the comprehensive poverty in various regions, five bifurcated gully, white wolf, free crossing river as severe poverty area, nanmu, Wu slave ear as medium poverty area, Gant River, Bahrain and so on 5 areas, 15 areas such as mildly poor area, Biala River, full return and so on For the poor areas, Honghua Erji and Moerda GA are more affluent areas. (3) the scores of every public factor in each region are different. In the two stages from 2004 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, the poverty and relative ranking position also changed. The poverty of microindividuals is not only reflected in income, but also in the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China. There are many aspects of poverty in education, health, life and so on. Using the sample data of 607 households in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the population poverty from two angles of income poverty and multidimensional poverty. (1) the population of the state-owned forest area belongs to the urban population, and the annual per capita income is 7644 yuan as the relative poverty line, and the FGT index is used to measure the poor. The result shows that the incidence of poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is 8.07%, the poverty gap rate is 19.63%, the square poverty distance index is 0.64%, the comprehensive poverty index is 0.79%. (2), and there are 3 and more than 3 indicators, including education, health and living standard of 8 indicators, with 3 and more than 3 indicators. Poor families are multidimensional poor households. From single dimensional poverty, the incidence of health poverty is the highest, 50.9%, followed by 46.13% of drinking water, 43.49% of fuel, 43.16% of the 33.11%. Multidimensional Poverty in housing, and the average deprivation index of 30.17%. (3) as the dependent variable, the number of workers in the family, the age of the household, the age of the household, and the education level. The logistic econometric model and the empirical analysis of the influencing factors of poverty are established. The results show that the number of working workers in the family, whether there are leading cadres, or not, and the age of the head of household have significant influence on the family income, but only the number of workers at the job has a significant influence on the income poverty. The probability of getting into income poverty per 1 workers in the court, the probability of falling into income poverty reduces the impact of the leading cadres on Multidimensional Poverty in 1.8989. families. If there are leading cadres, the probability of families falling into multidimensional poverty is reduced by 1.4160. The next community, the number of workers in the post, and the age of the household are also significantly affected by the Multidimensional Poverty of the family. The government, In the state-owned forest area, a series of policies and measures adopted by individuals in three aspects, through the protection and cultivation of forest resources, the improvement of the infrastructure construction level, the improvement of social security system and the promotion of social and economic development, have played a promoting role in promoting anti poverty, and achieved certain results. However, there are still narrow coverage and different levels of goals, focusing on "losing". In the background of the climate change and the new normal economy, the anti poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is facing the challenge of financial difficulties and employment pressure. It is necessary to put the anti poverty in the state-owned forest areas in the important position of the ecological civilization construction, from the relief policy to the relief policy and the development policy. Change, from income poverty relief to multi-directional assistance. Because of the huge externality of anti poverty, the profit of the market and the weak nature of the development of the state-owned forest areas, a single party alone can not achieve the overall anti poverty and sustainable development. Under the premise of continuing the protection and cultivation of forest resources as the main task, the economy is based on economics. The relevant theories establish the government market dual orientation and the anti poverty mechanism participating in the state-owned forest areas. The government plays the role in the improvement and reform of the mechanism of providing public service products, the formulation of anti poverty system and policies and regulations, the identification of poverty standards, the measurement of the measures and the evaluation of anti poverty effect. The market is the basis for the full play of the government functions. On the basis of this, we should promote the development of the industrial diversification, cultivate the growth pole, adjust the industrial layout, and promote the diversification of the economic components and main bodies. The state-owned forest areas provide specific information for anti poverty, improve the quality of the labor force, provide labor for the development of the industry, promote the transfer of the labor force by the adjustment of the layout of the industry, and improve the ability of independent poverty reduction. And anti poverty, and put forward to improve the social security system, establish the ecological compensation mechanism of the state-owned forest areas, speed up the pace of the reform of the state-owned forest areas, and establish the national park system and other policy proposals.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F326.2
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