能量水平和瘤胃保护赖氨酸对围产期奶牛肝脏功能、抗氧化能力及生产性能的影响
发布时间：2024-01-25 18:08
围产期是泌乳周期的关键时期,其特征在于生理,代谢和免疫学的变化。在围产期间,奶牛的营养需求显著增加,并且由于采食量的降低使得奶牛不能满足其营养需求,导致能量负平衡的发生以及脂肪组织的动员。调整产犊前的能量饲喂水平及添加过瘤胃赖氨酸是减轻能量负平衡的有害影响,并可能改善奶牛整体生产性能的关键性因素。然而,围产期能量饲喂水平和添加过瘤胃赖氨酸对奶牛的综合影响尚未得到很好的探究。本研究的目的是探究产犊前能量饲喂水平和添加过瘤胃赖氨酸对围产期奶牛的生产性能、血液生化指标、肝脏功能及其抗氧化状态的影响。68头第三胎且即将进入第4次泌乳期的奶牛被随机分配到4个处理中,采用2 x 2因子设计,分别饲喂两种不同能量水平[高产奶净能(NEL)=1.53Mcal/kg DM(HE)和低NEL=1.37Mcal/kg DM(LE)]的日粮以及添加过瘤胃赖氨酸40 g/cows(过瘤胃赖氨酸,Blys)和赖氨酸(对照,CK)。所以,4个处理分别为低能量日粮+过瘤胃赖氨酸(LEBlys)、低能量日粮+赖氨酸(LECK)、高能量日粮+过瘤胃赖氨酸(HEBlys)和高能量...
【文章页数】：189 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
摘要
ABSTRACT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
1.2.GENERAL HYPOTHESIS
1.3.GENERAL OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 2.LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Dry matter intake during the transition period
2.1.1.Transition period
2.1.2.Dry matter intake
2.1.3.Regulation of dry matter intake
2.2.Dietary energy and energy metabolism
2.2.1.Dietary energy requirement of dairy cows
2.2.2.Feeding of dietary energy density to dairy cows during the far-off period
2.2.3.Feeding of dietary energy density to dairy cows during the close-up period
2.2.4.Negative energy balance
2.2.5.Gluconeogenesis
2.3.Energy metabolites
2.3.1.Concentrations of free fatty acids
2.3.2.Fatty Liver
2.3.3.Ketogenesis
2.4.Biomarkers of blood metabolites of liver functions
2.5.Dietary lipids and fat metabolism
2.5.1.Digestion of dietary lipids
2.5.2.Carnitine biosynthesis
2.5.3.Functions of carnitine
2.6.Oxidative stress and antioxidant status
2.7.Dietary protein and protein metabolism
2.7.1.Essential and non-essential amino acids
2.7.2.Dietary protein requirement
2.7.3.Protein metabolism
2.7.4.Limiting Amino acids
2.7.5.Rumen-Protected Lysine
2.8.Implications of milk urea and blood urea nitrogen
2.9.Interrelationship of body condition score and milk production
2.10.Causes of periparturient immunosuppression
2.10.1.Energy metabolites and immunosuppression
2.10.2.Factors contribute to immune-suppression during the transition period
CHAPTER 3.EFFECTS OF CLOSE-UP DIETARY ENERGY LEVEL AND SUPPLEMENTING RUMEN-PROTECTED LYSINE ON ENERGY METABOLITES AND MILK PRODUCTION IN TRANSITION COWS
3.1.INTRODUCTION
3.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1.Experimental design and experimental cows
3.2.3.Dietary treatment rations and cows housing
3.2.4.Sampling,measurements,and analysis
3.2.5.Statistical analysis
3.3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.3.1.Pre and postpartum dry matter intake
3.3.2.Effects on free fatty acid concentrations
3.3.3.Effects onβ-hydroxybutyrate concentrations
3.3.4.Effects on milk yield and composition
3.4.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 4.EVALUATION OF BIOMARKERS OF BLOOD METABOLITES AND LIVER FUNCTIONS IN DAIRY COWS FED PRE-PARTUM ENERGY DENSITY AND RUMEN-PROTECTED LYSINE DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD
4.1.INTRODUCTION
4.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1.Experimental design and experimental cows
4.2.2.Blood samples collection and plasma metabolites analyses
4.2.3.Statistical analysis
4.3.RESULTS
4.3.1.Effects on glucose and insulin concentrations
4.3.2.Effects on plasma albumin and blood urea nitrogen concentrations
4.3.3.Effects on plasma IGF-1and total bilirubin concentrations
4.3.4.Effects on ALT,AST,TC and TG concentrations
4.4.DISCUSSION
4.5.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 5.EVALUATION OF MALONDIALDEHYDE CONCENTRATIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN DAIRY COWS FED CLOSE-UP ENERGY DENSITY AND RUMEN-PROTECTED LYSINE DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD
5.1.INTRODUCTION
5.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1.Experimental design and dietary treatment rations
5.2.2.Blood samples collections and analysis of antioxidant status in blood serum
5.2.3.Analysis of antioxidant status and malondialdehyde in blood serum
5.2.4.Statistical analysis
5.3.RESULTS
5.3.1.Effects on blood serum superoxide dismutase activity
5.3.2.Effects on serum glutathione peroxidase activity
5.3.3.Effects on serum total antioxidant capacity
5.3.4.Effects on serum malondialdehyde concentrations
5.4.DISCUSSIONS
5.5.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 6.RELATIONSHIP OF CLOSE-UP COWS BODY WEIGHT,BODY CONDITION SCORE WITH COWS PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE,ANDΒ-HYDROXYBUTYRATE LEVELS DURING EARLY LACTATION
6.1.INTRODUCTION
6.2.MATERIALS AND METHOD
6.2.1.Experimental design and selection of experimental cows
6.2.2.Blood samples collection
6.2.3.Milk samples collection
6.2.4.Statistical analysis
6.3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.3.1.Correlation of close-up BCS with milk yield and composition during early lactation
6.3.2.Correlation of BCS with,BHBA,milk yield,and compositions in early lactation
6.3.3.Correction of BHBA with milk yield and composition during early lactation
6.3.4.Relationship of close-up cows body weight with BCS,milk yield and compositions
6.4.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 7.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AUTHOR'S RESUME
本文编号：3885305
【文章页数】：189 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
摘要
ABSTRACT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
1.2.GENERAL HYPOTHESIS
1.3.GENERAL OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 2.LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Dry matter intake during the transition period
2.1.1.Transition period
2.1.2.Dry matter intake
2.1.3.Regulation of dry matter intake
2.2.Dietary energy and energy metabolism
2.2.1.Dietary energy requirement of dairy cows
2.2.2.Feeding of dietary energy density to dairy cows during the far-off period
2.2.3.Feeding of dietary energy density to dairy cows during the close-up period
2.2.4.Negative energy balance
2.2.5.Gluconeogenesis
2.3.Energy metabolites
2.3.1.Concentrations of free fatty acids
2.3.2.Fatty Liver
2.3.3.Ketogenesis
2.4.Biomarkers of blood metabolites of liver functions
2.5.Dietary lipids and fat metabolism
2.5.1.Digestion of dietary lipids
2.5.2.Carnitine biosynthesis
2.5.3.Functions of carnitine
2.6.Oxidative stress and antioxidant status
2.7.Dietary protein and protein metabolism
2.7.1.Essential and non-essential amino acids
2.7.2.Dietary protein requirement
2.7.3.Protein metabolism
2.7.4.Limiting Amino acids
2.7.5.Rumen-Protected Lysine
2.8.Implications of milk urea and blood urea nitrogen
2.9.Interrelationship of body condition score and milk production
2.10.Causes of periparturient immunosuppression
2.10.1.Energy metabolites and immunosuppression
2.10.2.Factors contribute to immune-suppression during the transition period
CHAPTER 3.EFFECTS OF CLOSE-UP DIETARY ENERGY LEVEL AND SUPPLEMENTING RUMEN-PROTECTED LYSINE ON ENERGY METABOLITES AND MILK PRODUCTION IN TRANSITION COWS
3.1.INTRODUCTION
3.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1.Experimental design and experimental cows
3.2.3.Dietary treatment rations and cows housing
3.2.4.Sampling,measurements,and analysis
3.2.5.Statistical analysis
3.3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.3.1.Pre and postpartum dry matter intake
3.3.2.Effects on free fatty acid concentrations
3.3.3.Effects onβ-hydroxybutyrate concentrations
3.3.4.Effects on milk yield and composition
3.4.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 4.EVALUATION OF BIOMARKERS OF BLOOD METABOLITES AND LIVER FUNCTIONS IN DAIRY COWS FED PRE-PARTUM ENERGY DENSITY AND RUMEN-PROTECTED LYSINE DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD
4.1.INTRODUCTION
4.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1.Experimental design and experimental cows
4.2.2.Blood samples collection and plasma metabolites analyses
4.2.3.Statistical analysis
4.3.RESULTS
4.3.1.Effects on glucose and insulin concentrations
4.3.2.Effects on plasma albumin and blood urea nitrogen concentrations
4.3.3.Effects on plasma IGF-1and total bilirubin concentrations
4.3.4.Effects on ALT,AST,TC and TG concentrations
4.4.DISCUSSION
4.5.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 5.EVALUATION OF MALONDIALDEHYDE CONCENTRATIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN DAIRY COWS FED CLOSE-UP ENERGY DENSITY AND RUMEN-PROTECTED LYSINE DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD
5.1.INTRODUCTION
5.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1.Experimental design and dietary treatment rations
5.2.2.Blood samples collections and analysis of antioxidant status in blood serum
5.2.3.Analysis of antioxidant status and malondialdehyde in blood serum
5.2.4.Statistical analysis
5.3.RESULTS
5.3.1.Effects on blood serum superoxide dismutase activity
5.3.2.Effects on serum glutathione peroxidase activity
5.3.3.Effects on serum total antioxidant capacity
5.3.4.Effects on serum malondialdehyde concentrations
5.4.DISCUSSIONS
5.5.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 6.RELATIONSHIP OF CLOSE-UP COWS BODY WEIGHT,BODY CONDITION SCORE WITH COWS PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE,ANDΒ-HYDROXYBUTYRATE LEVELS DURING EARLY LACTATION
6.1.INTRODUCTION
6.2.MATERIALS AND METHOD
6.2.1.Experimental design and selection of experimental cows
6.2.2.Blood samples collection
6.2.3.Milk samples collection
6.2.4.Statistical analysis
6.3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.3.1.Correlation of close-up BCS with milk yield and composition during early lactation
6.3.2.Correlation of BCS with,BHBA,milk yield,and compositions in early lactation
6.3.3.Correction of BHBA with milk yield and composition during early lactation
6.3.4.Relationship of close-up cows body weight with BCS,milk yield and compositions
6.4.CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 7.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AUTHOR'S RESUME
本文编号：3885305
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