船舶油污损害赔偿制度研究

发布时间：2018-01-12 10:03

本文关键词：船舶油污损害赔偿制度研究　出处：《中国海洋大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着科技高速发展、经济全球化进程加快以及现代航运业的日益繁荣，由于船舶油污引起的海洋污染成为海洋环境污染中的重要污染源。船舶油污不仅给人们造成了重大的物质损害，而且还给海洋生态环境和自然资源造成了极大的危害，阻碍了海洋经济的可持续发展。近些年来发生的多起重大船舶油污事故，给人们带来了深重灾难，从国际层面、国内层面，都给人们留下了深刻印象，引起了人们的高度重视。解决船舶油污损害带来的不利影响，成为世界难题。为了减少船舶油污带来消极影响，半个世纪以来，国际上和各国一直致力于通过立法来解决船舶油污损害赔偿难题。于是，在国际上《民事责任公约》和《基金公约》等国际公约通过；同时一些航运发达国家美国、加拿大等也都在国内法中确立并逐渐完善了船舶油污损害赔偿制度。相比，我国作为石油进口大国，石油海上运输量巨大，，发生了很多船舶油污事故，但是没有完善的船舶油污损害赔偿制度为依托。我国虽然是《民事责任公约》的参加国，但是却没有加入《基金公约》，也没有在国内设立船舶油污基金制度，结果是油污事故发生后清污费不能保障而清污工作难以顺利开展，受害人赔偿也不充分，而且制度的不完善也给诸多的油污案件的法律适用带来了困难。本文针对我国当前船舶油污损害赔偿制度并无专门立法的情况，分析了船舶油污损害赔偿的国际公约，美国、加拿大等国家船舶油污国内立法以及我国船舶油污损害赔偿法律的相关规定，结合我国的航运业现状以及我国船舶油污现状，提出完善符合我国国情的船舶油污损害赔偿制度的相应的立法建议。第一部分将主要对船舶油污损害赔偿的概述进行论述。本部分通过对船舶油污损害赔偿制度基本理论着手，进而简要介绍船舶油污损害赔偿国际立法、发达国际立法以及我国的相关立法规定来分析立法状况，以及立法趋势。第二部分将主要论述船舶油污损害赔偿适用范围和赔偿范围。本部分首先论述船舶油污损害的适用范围，主要论述船舶油污损害赔偿的适用船舶和油类两个方面；然后对船舶油污赔偿范围这个重要问题进行论述，不仅讨论赔偿的范围问题，其中还对船舶油污损害赔偿的计算问题进行论述。第三部分将主要论述船舶油污损害赔偿的主体。船舶油污损害赔偿的主体包括权利主体和责任主体两个方面，分别进行论述。第四部分将主要论述船舶油污损害赔偿归责原则和责任限制两个方面的内容。归责原则方面先简要介绍了无过错责任的功能，然后介绍无过错责任在船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度中的确立，最后分析免责事由。责任限制方面，首先介绍责任限制的由来；接着比较责任限制不同法律规定得出其发展趋势和规律；最后论述责任限制的丧失。第五部分将论述我国船舶油污损害赔偿制度的完善。这部分主要是围绕完善强制责任保险和构建油污损害赔偿基金两个方面进行论证。这部分先论述我国船舶油污损害损害赔偿立法不足之处，进而论述完善我国船舶油污损害赔偿制度应依据的原则。强制保险方面，结合我国船舶油污立法状况以及航运业状况对我国完善强制保险的必要性作出论证，然后提出建立我国船舶油污损害赔偿制度的立法建议。油污基金建立方面，首先论述我国未加入《基金公约》的原因，然后论述建立油污赔偿损害基金的必要性，最后论述建立我国船舶油污基金的主要内容，论述将主要围绕着《船舶油污损害赔偿基金征收和使用管理办法》的规定来进行。最后论述我国应建立科学的油污损害评估体系，论述体系的内容。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of science and technology, the accelerating process of economic globalization and the growing prosperity of modern shipping industry, the oil pollution caused by marine pollution has become an important source of pollution in the marine environment. Marine oil pollution not only causes significant material damage to people, but also the marine ecological environment and natural resources caused great harm, hindering the sustainable the development of marine economy. In recent years the number of major oil pollution accidents, brought grave disaster to the people, from the international level, the domestic level, will impress people, attracted the attention of people. To solve the adverse effects of oil pollution damage caused by become a world problem. In order to reduce negative impact on ship oil, for half a century, the international community has been committed to solve the ship oil pollution damage compensation legislation through the problem. Then, in the international The International Convention on Civil Liability Convention > > and < > by the fund convention; some shipping developed countries such as the United States, Canada are also in the domestic law established and gradually perfect the compensation system for oil pollution damage. Compared to China as a major importer of oil, oil shipping amount is huge, has a lot of ship oil spill accidents. But there is no perfect ship pollution damage compensation system as the basis. Although China is the "Convention on civil liability > members, but did not join the" fund Convention ", nor the establishment of ship oil pollution fund system in China, the oil after the accident clean-up fees can not guarantee the cleanup work is carried out smoothly, the victim the compensation is not sufficient, and the system is not perfect for many oil pollution cases applicable law is difficult.
According to the situation of the compensation system has no specific legislation in the current ship oil pollution damage, analysis of ship oil pollution damage compensation of the international convention, the United States, Canada and other countries the relevant provisions of domestic legislation, China's marine oil pollution damage compensation of ship oil pollution law, combined with the status quo of China's shipping industry, China's marine oil pollution situation, put forward to perfect the ship oil pollution damage compensation system in line with China's national conditions of the corresponding legislative proposals.
The first part will focus on the compensation for oil pollution damage from ships are discussed. This part of the basic theory of ship oil pollution damage compensation system, and briefly introduces the international legislation of compensation for oil pollution damage from ships, the international advanced legislation and China's legislation to analyze the status of legislation, and the legislative trend.
The second part mainly discusses the ship oil pollution damage compensation scope and the scope of compensation. The scope of this part discusses the ship oil pollution damage, mainly discusses the two aspects of ship oil pollution damage compensation for ships and oil; and then discusses the scope of ship oil pollution compensation this important problem, not only to discuss the scope of compensation, also discussed on the compensation for oil pollution damage calculation.
The third part will mainly discuss the main body of compensation for ship oil pollution damage. The main body of compensation for ship oil pollution damage includes two aspects: the subject of right and the subject of liability.
The fourth part mainly discusses the ship oil pollution damage compensation liability principle and the liability limit of two aspects. First briefly introduces the imputation principle of no fault liability, and then introduces the establishment of no fault liability in marine oil pollution damage compensation legal system in the final analysis, excusatio. Limitation of liability, first introduced the origin of the limitation of liability; then compare the different legal limitation of liability provisions of law and the development tendency; finally discusses the limitation of liability for the loss.
The fifth part will discuss the improvement of the system of compensation for oil pollution damage in China. This part is mainly focus on the improvement of compulsory liability insurance and the two aspects of the construction fund for compensation for oil pollution damage are demonstrated. This part first discusses China's ship oil pollution damage compensation legislation shortcomings, and then discusses the perfection of ship oil pollution damage compensation system should be based on the principle of. Compulsory insurance, combined with China's legislative status of ship oil pollution and shipping industry situation on necessity of perfecting our country's compulsory insurance to make the argument, then put forward legislative suggestions for the establishment of China's marine oil pollution damage compensation system. The oil pollution fund to establish, first discusses why China did not join the "fund Convention", and then discusses the necessity of establish the oil pollution damage compensation fund, the main content finally discusses the establishment of China's marine oil pollution fund, this will mainly focus on the "ship oil pollution damage In the end, we should establish a scientific oil pollution damage assessment system and discuss the content of the system.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997.1

【参考文献】