马克思恩格斯道德观探析

发布时间：2018-02-13 04:44

本文关键词： 马克思恩格斯道德观道德批判道德实践道德理想　出处：《上海师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：马克思恩格斯将一生献给了伟大的无产阶级革命事业,为追求全人类的解放而奔走,他们的身上闪现着伟大的道德光辉。虽然关于道德观的研究没有形成系统的成文著作,但是他们的论著中也处处体现着道德的重要内容。马克思的道德观与无产阶级的革命实践紧密相关联,体现着马克思强烈批判资产阶级剥削压迫的最终目的,也是无产阶级革命的最终目标。虽经过百余年的历史发展与时空转换,马克思和恩格斯的道德观仍然对当代道德建设有着重要指导意义。本文以马克思对爱尔维修道德功利主义评析为出发点进行马克思恩格斯道德观理论来源的梳理,爱尔维修主张个人利益的追求是道德的基础和归宿,公共利益是道德或美德的标准。进而对比分析了康德的道德自律论和边沁的道德他律论,马克思恩格斯的道德哲学是对康德道德哲学体系的批判和扬弃,对康德抽象的道德主体和先验的理性道德法则给予了纠正,对超阶级立场的全人类道德自律的道德目标进行了批判,在直接现实前提下,建立起马克思主义的道德理想。如果说康德是动机论的突出代表,他的动机论是其道德自律论的逻辑结论。与此相反,边沁以其道德他律论为前提,从功利原理中直接引申出效果论观点,成为效果论的突出代表。紧接着介绍了黑格尔《法哲学原理》里对哲学的界定,道德是主观意志的法,道德行为具有三个环节。费尔巴哈从“抽象的人”出发倡导“爱的宗教”,恩格斯说当费尔巴哈在研究宗教和伦理的时候他的唯心主义的本质体现出来。论文的主体部分,第三章是对马克思恩格斯道德观的阐释:道德的范畴是历史的,解放的道德。理解马克思道德需要建立在历史唯物主义的范畴下,它是现实利益矛盾的体现,是批判的道德,目标在于实现全人类的解放。道德具有唯物主义、阶级性、历史性、发展性的特征。以往的道德有的是唯心主义道德,马克思恩格斯道德的本质是社会关系尤其是经济关系的反映,同时他们反对阶级的、永恒不变的道德,倡导不断发展的进步的道德。道德的批判包括对宗教、封建社会的道德、资本主义的道德。他们以揭露宗教本质为切入点,进而对封建社会里非人道主义的道德以及资本主义社会里虚假的道德进行批判继承。从马克思经典著作里提炼出关于道德的理想是共产主义社会的实现及全人类的解放,最后落实到道德的实践,在《哥达纲领批判》中提到的“一步实际行动胜于一打纲领”的实践是人道主义革命实践。马克思恩格斯道德思想研究是全面把握和理解历史唯物主义的必然要求,在大力发展社会主义市场经济的条件下,正确认识道德问题有利于合理全面的评判中国特色社会主义发展现状,同时为我国中国特色社会主义现代化建设指明道德目标,提供发展发向与优化路径,对构建社会主义和谐社会以及应对当代中国社会道德“滑坡”现象具有重要意义,指导中国社会主义核心价值体系建设有着重要的现实意义。基于如此,马克思恩格斯道德思想的研究具有双重的时代意义和实践意义。
[Abstract]:Marx Engels dedicated his life to the great cause of the proletarian revolution, while running for the pursuit of the liberation of all mankind, their body flashed great moral glory. Although the research on morality has not formed a system of written works, but their works also embodies the important content of morality. Marx's moral values with the revolutionary practice of the proletariat is closely associated, embodies the ultimate aim of Marx strongly criticized the bourgeois exploitation and oppression, but the ultimate goal of the proletarian revolution. Although the historical development and the space-time conversion of hundreds of years, Marx and Engels's morality still has important guiding significance to contemporary moral construction. This paper takes Marx to Helvetius moral on utilitarianism as a starting point for Marx Engels's moral theory combing the source of personal interests Helvetius claims The pursuit is the basis and purpose of morality, public interest is the morality or virtue standard. It analyses the theory and Bentham Kant's moral self-discipline moral heteronomy, Marx Engels's moral philosophy and discarding criticism of the system of Kant's moral philosophy, rational moral law on Kant abstract moral subject and a priori corrected on the whole, super class position human morality moral target of criticism, in reality under the premise of establishing Marx's moral ideal. If Kant is the outstanding representative of motivation theory, motivation theory is the logical conclusion of his moral theory. On the contrary, Bentham in the theory of moral heteronomy the direct effect on the premise, extended from the point of view of utilitarian principle, become the outstanding representative of the effect theory. Then introduced the definition of the philosophy of Hagel "philosophy of law" principle, moral is subjective The will of the law, moral behavior has three links. Feuerbach from the "abstract" of advocating the "religion of love", said Engels Feuerbach of his time in the study when the nature of religious and ethical idealism reflected. The main part of the thesis, the third chapter is on Marx Engels's moral values: the moral category is explained the history of the liberation of morality. Moral needs to understand Marx based on historical materialism under the category, it is a practical embodiment of the conflict of interest, is a critique of the moral goal is to achieve the liberation of all mankind. With moral materialism, class nature, historical development, the characteristics of the moral idealism is some. The essence of Marx Engels's moral ethics, social relations especially reflect economic relations, at the same time they oppose class, eternal morality, advocating the progress of the continuous development of the Morality. Moral criticism including religion, feudal ethics, the ethics of capitalism. They to reveal the essence of religion as the starting point, and then to the feudal society not humanitarian ethics and capitalist society false moral critical inheritance. Derived from classical works in Marx on moral ideal is the realization of communism and the liberation of all mankind, and finally implement the moral practice, mentioned in "critique of the Gotha Program >" step action rather than a dozen programs "practice is the humanitarian revolution practice. Research on Marx Engels's moral thought is an inevitable requirement to grasp and understand the historical materialism, in the development of socialist market economy under the condition of correct understanding of moral problems is conducive to the rational development of socialist comprehensive evaluation China characteristics, at the same time for our country China characteristics The construction of socialist modernization that moral goal, provide development and optimization, and has important significance to construct a socialist harmonious society and deal with the China social morality "landslip" phenomenon, has important practical significance to guide the construction of socialist core value system China. Based on this, has the dual significance and practical significance to study Marx Engels's moral thought.

【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：A81

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