遇难船避难准入问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 00:02

本文选题：遇难船 + 沿海国　；参考：《河北经贸大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：遇难船避难的概念是由IMO(国际海事组织)法律委员会于上世纪八十年代提出的,一经问世就成为学界的热门话题。沿海国是否有为遇难船提供避难地的义务,又或者说遇难船是否有进入沿海国避难的权利,甚至是否需要制定一个新的国际公约,这些问题均成为了相关国际组织会议中的争议要点,海事领域的学者在学术著作中对遇难船避难准入问题发表的见解也可谓百家争鸣。目前,国内外在遇难船避难准入问题上的研究工作不断地深入,取得了一定的研究成果。但关于是否允许遇难船进入其避难地,各国仍然秉持不同的态度。目前,国际社会上尚无统一的规则可以借鉴和遵循,建立一个统一有效的遇难船避难准入机制仍需再接再厉。笔者通过研究遇难船避难准入问题的相关文献,发现我国的研究主要集中在避难地上,在其他方面并未涉及,这极不利于我国遇难船避难准入制度的建设。The Erika、the Castor、the Prestige案件的发生,更引起了国内外学者对该问题的议论热潮。因此对遇难船避难准入问题的研究具有很大的理论意义和实践意义。本文通过阐明遇难船避难准入的法理基础理论,剖释沿海国屡次拒绝遇难船避难准入的原由,分析遇难船避难准入问题上的法律困境,旨在探寻出一条有效的避难准入机制之路,不论在国际层面,还是我国对该问题的应对。在此目标下,笔者将文章分成五个部分进行论述:第一部分,讲解了选题的来源、意义及国内外对该问题研究的现状。遇难船进入沿海国避难进行修理或救助是在海上遭遇海难时最为适当的路径。但沿海国不会不考虑相关因素就径直答应遇难船避难的请求。沿海国往往在思量自身安全和环境保护之后,拒绝遇难船进入其避难地,遇难船避难准入问题进而产生。关于该问题,目前没有相关的国际习惯和生效的国际公约对此作出明确规定。对于遇难船避难准入问题,就我国而言,不管是理论研究,还是在制度建设上,均落后于其余的海事大国。对该问题,国内外的学者均作出一定程度的研究,虽研究程度可能各异,海商法学家对此均在专著和文章中各抒己见。第二部分,阐述了遇难船避难准入的基本概念,通过举三起典型的海难事故的例子阐释出该问题产生的背景,并概括出该问题出现之后国内外立法现状和该问题的发展趋势。近几十年来,国际上万吨以上油轮溢油海难事故屡有发生。The Erika、the Castor、the Prestige案件的发生,更引起了国内外对该问题的广泛关注。目前,该问题呈现出沿海国提供避难地的意识不断加强,国际立法将实现统一、明确,避难地范围不断扩大的发展趋势。第三部分,在上述的基础上,阐述了遇难船避难准入问题的法理基础,即国际上关于为遇难船提供避难地的四种理论观点和沿海国和遇难船双方在避难准入问题上的权利义务。并深入分析了该问题在国际公约下、国际习惯法上、国内法下的法律困境。第四部分,针对该问题出现的原因、现状,提出对该问题的解决对策,包括国际对策和我国的应对。国际上对该问题的解决提出了执行现有的国际公约的规定、修订现有的相关国际公约的规定、建立统一的国际公约以及制定示范法或指南的对策。针对该问题,我国在完善专门立法、建立事故应急反应制度、建立风险评估机制和完善国际合作交流机制等方面予以应对。第五部分,回顾全文,笔者认为,明确沿海国具有向遇难船提供避难地的义务是解决遇难船避难准入问题的最直接的对策。为此,对应地,最好的是建立一个统一、专门的公约。我国也应该加强对遇难船避难地问题的研究,参考IMO《指南》规定的内容,完善专门立法,建立事故应急反应制度,建立风险评估机制,完善国际合作交流机制,希望为构建和完善遇难船避难准入的一整套机制增砖添瓦。
[Abstract]:The concept of the refuge of the wrecked ship was put forward by the IMO (International Maritime Organization) Legal Committee in 80s and became a hot topic in the academic world. Whether there is an obligation to provide refuge for a wrecked ship along the sea, or whether the wrecked ship has the right to access the coastal state, or not even need to make a new one. International conventions have all become the main points in the conference of international organizations. Scholars in the maritime field have contended on the issue of asylum admittance for shipwrecks in the academic works. At present, the research work on the problem of asylum admittance for shipwrecks at home and abroad has been constantly deepening, and some research results have been obtained. However, all countries still hold different attitudes about whether to allow the wrecked ship to enter its refuge. At present, there is no unified rules in the international community for reference and follow, and the establishment of a unified and effective asylum admittance mechanism for the victims of the wrecked ship still needs to be repeated. The research is mainly concentrated on the refuge, which is not involved in other aspects. This is not conducive to the construction of the asylum admittance system of the wrecked ship.The Erika, the Castor, the Prestige case, which has caused more scholars at home and abroad to discuss the problem. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance to the study of the problem of avoiding the difficult access of the wrecked ship. Through clarifying the basic theory of the legal theory of the asylum admittance of the wrecked ship, this article explains the reasons that the coastal states have repeatedly rejected the origin of the asylum admittance of the wrecks, and analyzes the Legal Predicament on the asylum admittance of the wrecked ship, and aims to explore an effective way of asylum admittance, both at the international level and in our country's response to the problem. Under this goal, the author divides the article into five parts: the first part explains the origin of the topic, the significance and the status of the study at home and abroad. The most appropriate path for the shipwreck to be repaired or saved in the coastal state is the most appropriate way to meet the sea difficulties. The coastal state often refuses the ship to enter its refuge after thinking about its own safety and environmental protection, and the problem of asylum admittance of the wrecked ship has come into being. At present, there are no relevant international conventions and effective international conventions on this issue. In terms of theoretical research and system construction, both of them lag behind the other maritime powers. The scholars both at home and abroad have made a certain degree of research on this issue. Although the degree of research may vary, the maritime jurists have expressed their views in the monographs and articles. In the second part, the basic concepts of the asylum admittance for the wrecked ship are expounded. Three examples of typical marine accidents are given to explain the background of the problem, and the status of legislation and the development trend of this problem after the emergence of this problem are summarized. In recent decades, more than ten thousand tons of oil tanker accidents in the world have occurred frequently in the case of.The Erika, the Castor and the Prestige. In the third part, the third part, on the basis of the above, expounds the legal basis for the problem of the asylum in the wrecked ship, that is, the international concern about the wrecked ship. The four theoretical views of the refuge and the rights and obligations of the coastal States and the victims of the shipwreck on the issue of asylum and admittance are provided. The legal plight under international convention, international customary law and domestic law is deeply analyzed. The fourth part, in view of the reasons for the problem, presents the solutions to the problem, including the international policy. Policy and China's response. The International Convention on the problem is put forward to implement the provisions of the existing international conventions, to revise the provisions of the existing international conventions, to establish a unified international convention and to formulate a demonstration law or guide. The fifth part, reviewing the full text, the author believes that it is the most direct way to clarify the obligation of coastal States to provide refuge to the wrecked ship. For this reason, the best one is to establish a unified, special convention. We should strengthen the research on the problem of the refuge of the wrecked ship, refer to the contents of the IMO< guide, perfect the special legislation, establish the emergency response system, establish the risk assessment mechanism, perfect the international cooperation and exchange mechanism, and hope to add a complete set of additional bricks and bricks for the construction and improvement of the asylum admittance of the wrecked ship.

【学位授予单位】：河北经贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D996.19

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