马克思革命框架中的民主思想及当代价值

发布时间：2018-01-03 19:07

  本文关键词：马克思革命框架中的民主思想及当代价值　出处：《上海社会科学院》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 马克思 唯物史观 革命 暴力 民主

【摘要】：马克思的民主思想无疑是一个具有争议性的话题。在国外的理论研究中,马克思的理论体系是否存在民主思想的组成部分是值得怀疑的,即使有不少学者肯定马克思民主思想的存在,但是,这也是从批评的角度展开的,并最终将马克思的民主思想纳入极权主义民主的脉络。当然,不排除一些国外学者为马克思的民主思想所作的辩护,只是,这一辩护多数落入自由主义民主的谱系,要么一味否定马克思有关暴力、专政的论述,要么通过自由主义民主重构马克思的革命理论体系。可见,国外学界在马克思民主思想问题上还是存有较大争议的。问题在于,不管是肯定亦或否定马克思的民主思想,其提供的理由和证据都是不充分的。方面,国外对于马克思民主思想的研究并没有深入到马克思的逻辑结构之中,即唯物史观以及相应的革命分析框架；另一方面,国外研究也容易忽视马克思所处的历史语境,即作为革命年代的19世纪,以及相应的民主在当时所具有的革命内涵。与国外马克思民主思想研究不同,国内在马克思民主思想问题上基本上持有较为一致的看法,即肯定马克思主义的阶级民主和新型民主。自20世纪80年代以来,国内在马克思民主思想研究领域,基本上立足于阶级分析方法,提出与资产阶级民主相对立的无产阶级民主。从一开始在阶级分析框架中,民主缺乏自身的理论和实践空间,到后来肯定无产阶级民主的可能性,最后,基于国家与社会关系的视角为无产阶级民主提供充分依据。但是,国内马克思民主思想研究也存在巨大的不足。首先,阶级分析方法容易将所有制关系变成阶级得以成立的一个重要依据,可是,这与马克思由唯物史观到革命分析框架、再到阶级理论的逻辑并不一致；其次,阶级民主也并不完全符合19世纪民主所蕴含的革命内涵；最后,国内马克思民主思想研究的立足点在于阶级分析方法,这导致研究进路创新的困难,很难在阶级分析方法之外提供有关马克思民主思想新的内容。针对国内外马克思民主思想研究所存在的一系列问题,如何突破各种束缚和障碍,真正回归马克思的民主内涵,这要求从两个层面展开。第一,基于马克思的逻辑结构展开马克思民主思想的研究,即通过唯物史观以及由唯物史观所引申出的革命分析框架来分析马克思的民主理论；第二,承认并肯定民主在19世纪所具有的革命内涵,其既不同于之后民主在欧美国家发展成为成熟的自由民主和选举政治,也不同于简单的阶级民主对立。唯物史观作为马克思理论体系的重要组成,也构成其逻辑展开的方法论基础。马克思通过实践完成对哲学的革命,即消灭哲学。随着哲学革命的完成,向政治革命的转向就成为自然而然的结果。并且,哲学的消灭意味着实践开始“下降”到劳动实践领域,劳动实践领域的矛盾构成了政治革命和社会革命的根源所在。由此可见,唯物史观的确立即革命分析框架的完成,马克思正是通过革命这一框架性概念展开其全部政治概念的内涵,如民主、专政、暴力、阶级等。民主在马克思的理论体系中具有两重属性：一、民主作为无产阶级革命的路径选择之一,即革命手段和革命方式的问题。民主亦或暴力作为马克思在无产阶级革命路径问题上的选项构成,二者相互依存、不可或缺,其选择的差异在于国情以及相应的阶级状况。马克思从未在民主与暴力之间作出取舍,二者共同服务于革命这一总的目标。在这一点上,民主作为一种革命的时代特征表现突出。二、民主作为无产阶级政治组织的形式,即无产阶级政治组织与民主形式之间存在着“天然的亲和性”。无产阶级通过解决劳动实践领域的矛盾,基于平等的原则,必然采取民主的组织形式,如普选、监督、随时撤换等。基于革命分析框架可以看出,马克思的民主思想不能简单等同于之后的阶级民主理论,其包含更多的内容。马克思对于资本主义条件下民主运行的批评,并不是针对民主本身,而是指向民主革命内涵的缺失以及民主在资本主义条件不能充分实现的问题。随着无产阶级政治革命的推进,民主充分实现的障碍得以消除,那么,无产阶级政治组织与民主形式之间的“天然亲和性”也是自然而然的结果。当然,马克思之后民主的理论和实践都面临着剧烈的变迁,这一方面在于马克思理论体系自身所包含的一些潜在张力和不足,另一方面也在于不同研究者、阐释者对马克思革命理论体系的重构,特别是革命形势变迁所带来的挑战和问题,如资本主义对于民主的吸纳等。所有这些问题预示着：准确、合理地理解马克思的民主思想尤为必要。马克思民主理论对于中国民主建设有着非常重要的意义,这一民主的革命内涵首先有助于对抗主流资本主义有关民主的普遍化和“标签化”。中国的民主建设延续了阶级对立和阶级民主,侧重于民主的特殊性和差异性,而马克思民主理论的革命内涵赋予了民主以一般性、普遍性,改变中国民主在与主流资本主义民主竞争中的弱势地位。其次,马克思的民主处于革命分析框架之中,相比于阶级分析框架,民主成为第一位的问题,它既是无产阶级政治组织的当然形式,也在无产阶级革命历史逻辑中得以真正的实现。并且,通过重新认识阶级性、厘清专政与民主的关系、统一革命与民主,可以为民主的生存与发展提供充分的空间。
[Abstract]:Marx's democratic thought is undoubtedly a controversial topic. Theoretical research in foreign countries, part of the existence of democratic ideas of Marx's theoretical system is questionable, even if there are a lot of scholars affirmed Marx's democratic thought, but it is launched from a critical perspective, and finally to Marx the thought of democracy into the totalitarian democratic context. Of course, do not rule out by some foreign scholars as Marx's democratic thought is the defense, defense, most fall into the lineage of liberal democracy, or blindly deny Marx about violence and dictatorship is discussed, either through revolutionary theory system of Liberal Democratic reconstruction of Marx. Therefore, foreign scholars in the democratic thought of Marx on the issue is controversial. The problem is, whether positive or negative democratic ideology of Marx It provides, reason and evidence is not sufficient. And the foreign research on Marx's thought of democracy and no depth to the logical structure of Marx's historical materialism, the revolution and the corresponding analysis framework; on the other hand, study abroad is also easy to overlook Marx's historical context, as the revolution of nineteenth Century and the corresponding, democracy has different connotation. At the time of the revolution and Research on overseas Marx thought of democracy, the domestic basically holds a more consistent view on Marx's Democratic Thought on the issue, that is certainly Marx's bourgeois democratic and new democracy. Since 1980s, China in Marx's democratic thought research field, basically based on the class the analysis method, and put forward the bourgeois democracy as opposed to proletarian democracy. From the beginning of the class analysis framework, its lack of democracy The theory and practice of space, then certainly the possibility of proletarian democracy. Finally, based on the perspective of the relationship between state and society provides the full basis for the proletarian democracy. However, the huge shortage of domestic also Marx democratic thought research. Firstly, the method of class analysis to the relationship of ownership has become an important basis for the class, but this, and Marx from historical materialism to revolutionary analysis framework, to the class theory of logic is not uniform; secondly, democracy is not fully consistent with the nineteenth Century democratic revolution contains connotation; finally, the democratic thought of Marx research is based on the idea that the class analysis method, this approach leads to innovation difficulties, it is difficult in the outside the class analysis method, provide the relevant content of Marx's democratic thought. In view of the domestic and foreign research on new democratic thought of Marx stored in such a system The problems, how to break the restrictions and obstacles, the real return to Marx's connotation of democracy, the requirements from two aspects. First, research on the logical structure of Marx's expansion of Marx's democratic thought based on historical materialism and the historical materialism implied by the revolution analysis framework to analyze Marx's theory of democracy; second, admit and certainly has democratic revolution in nineteenth Century after its connotation, which is different from the democracy in Europe and the United States become mature liberal democracy and electoral politics, is also different from the simple bourgeois democratic opposition. Historical materialism as an important component of Marx's theory, on the basis of the logical expansion method is also constructed. Through the practice of Marx the revolution of philosophy, is the elimination of philosophy. As philosophy revolution completed, to political revolution becomes natural. And Philosophy Destroy means practice "fell" into the field of labor practice, the contradiction between field labor practice constitute the root causes of the political revolution and social revolution. Thus, the establishment of historical materialism is the revolution analysis framework, Marx is through the revolutionary connotation, conceptual framework of the full political concepts such as democracy. Dictatorship, violence, class. Democracy has duality in Marx's theoretical system: first, as one of the democratic path of the proletarian revolution, namely revolution means and revolutionary way. Democracy or violence as Marx option in the proletarian revolution path problem of two interdependent, indispensable, differences in their choice is the national conditions and the corresponding class. Marx has never been a trade-off between democracy and violence, two common services in the general purpose of the revolution Standard. At this point, democracy as a revolutionary era features prominent. Two, democracy as a proletarian political organization, the existence of "affinity" between natural proletariat political organization and democratic form. To solve the contradiction between the proletariat through the field of labor practice, based on the principle of equality, democracy must take the organization form, such as universal suffrage, supervision, etc.. Based on the analysis of the revolution to replace at any time frame can be seen, Marx's democratic thought can not be simply equated with the bourgeois democratic theory, which contains more content. Marx's criticism of capitalist democracy for operating conditions, and not for democracy itself, but to the lack of democracy and democratic revolution connotation the condition can not be fully realized in capitalist problems. With the proletarian revolution to promote democracy, fully realized to eliminate the obstacles. What between the proletariat political organization and democratic form of "natural affinity" is a natural result. Of course, Marx after the democratic theory and practice are facing drastic changes, this is Marx's theory contains some potential tension and shortcomings, on the other hand is different researchers, interpretation reconstruct the system of Marx's theory of revolution, especially the challenges and problems brought by the change of the revolutionary situation, such as the capitalist democracy for absorbing and so on. All these problems indicate: accurate and reasonable is necessary to understand Marx's democratic thought. Marx's democratic theory is very important for China democracy, the democratic the revolutionary connotation first helps to resist mainstream capitalism on democracy and universal "label". China continuation of the class construction of democracy The opposition and democracy, particularity and difference of the focus on democracy, and Marx theory of democracy revolution connotation given democracy in general, universality, change China democracy in the capitalist democracy and the mainstream disadvantage in competition. Secondly, Marx's democratic revolution in the analysis framework, compared to the class analysis framework of democracy become the first problem, it is proletarian political organization form of course, also achieved in the proletarian revolution historical logic. And, through the re understanding of the class, clarify the relationship between dictatorship and democracy, unity and democratic revolution, which can provide sufficient space for the survival and development of democracy.

【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：A81
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本文编号：1375187