近代中国权利文化的精神特质

发布时间：2018-01-04 21:14

  本文关键词：近代中国权利文化的精神特质　出处：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 权利文化 精神特质 精英主义 国家主义 群体化倾向

【摘要】：古今中外,不同空间地域之间文化不可避免地发生彼此接触和交流、碰撞和冲突、汇集和融合等相互影响,并且引发各自原有文化产生“异化”、“同化”、“转化”等相应变动,进而使得各自固有文化“演化”、“幻化”、“变化”成为新型的文化样态、别样的文化格局。这种文化现象可谓是人类社会司空见惯的普遍规律,可以将其称之为文化的“化境”意蕴,古今中外不同空间地域文化的“化境”意蕴可谓十分鲜明、颇为突出。如果我们把关注的时空背景及其主要题域确定为现代世界及其现代化过程,将聚焦的关切对象及其核心问题锁定到现代世界中的中国及其现代化进程,那么,中国现代化的历史进程就是历经了一个从“西化”到“化西”的演进过程。中国的现代化道路、进程、经验、模式虽然受到域外他者尤其是现代西方的重要影响,但是当现代化的域外经验和西方理论遭遇独特的中国语境和中国场域时,却也必然不可避免地经历了明显的中国变异和转化,这使得现代化的中国气质和风格鲜明突出。法制现代化作为百年以来中国现代化宏大目标的重要组成部分和关键预设任务,同样经历了从急躁、激烈、盲目“西方化”到冷静、理性、自觉“本土化”的发展过程。权利文化作为法治文化的核心要素和关键特征,它们在中国的萌芽、生长、推进和发展同样源自现代域外的深刻影响,源自域外的权利文化在中国走向法治化、现代化的历史过程中,同样发生了中国化、本土化的变动调适、转换异化与再造重塑。当域外他者的权利文化遭遇中国特定的历史环境时,两者相遇导致的结果,既不完全是域外权利文化在中国的复印版本和移植样态,中华大地上的政法格局也已不再是历史传统的自我复制和不断轮回;而是既在中国的政法机体上留下了域外权利文化的深刻印迹,也相应诞生了具有明显中国特质的近代中国权利文化。近代中国权利文化的萌生、培育和发展是中国走向和实现法治现代化的核心要义和关键任务,权利文化的整体格局决定了法治中国的本质样态。近代中国权利文化的发展进程从清末译介“权利”概念至新中国成立,历经了近一百年的时间,如何梳理和总结这段历史时期权利文化在中国的萌发和生长、勃兴和盛放、扭曲和黯淡、挫折和困顿,如何提炼和概括权利文化的中国特性,描绘和勾勒近代中国权利文化的大体样态和整体形貌,如何解释和说明权利文化中国化的过程机理和主要成因,如何看待和评价近代中国权利文化的既有形态和既定特质,如何吸收和借鉴这段历史时期权利文化的经验成就和问题教训,进而以此作为历史基础和智识资源构想和重塑中国权利文化的未来走向和发展出路,成为我们思考和推进中国法治现代化,必须要直面和回答的基本理论课题和重要实践问题。近代中国“权利”等语词、概念在中国翻译引介、不断选择、反复酝酿、逐渐传播、来回曲折的观念认识与话语实践过程,是近代中国权利文化的最初孕育,对于“权利”及相关概念在近代中国语境下生成过程、演变路径及其初步定型的梳理和辨证成为近代中国权利文化探究的起始原点。近代中国的权利概念自其创生伊始,既受到现代西方权利文化的深刻影响,又带有深刻的中国传统印迹和突出的时代转型色彩,因此被赋予了诸多语境化属性和倾向性内涵,形成了权利概念混杂化、权利概念实证化与权利概念公共化、权力化等明显中国特质,这也相当程度上预示和奠定了近代中国权利文化的演进轨迹和发展基调。近代中国权利文化的生长、发育离不开权利思想和观念、权利理论和学说的滋养、培育,掌握这些权利精神工具的精英人士既是现代西方权利思想的传播者,也是中国权利制度的献言建制者,还是普罗大众权利意识的启蒙者,他们是近代中国权利文化的助产士,这也相应使得近代中国权利文化呈现突出的精英主义特质。但是在助力推动近代中国权利文化迅速生长、大力发展的同时,这些权利文化的助产士存在作为权利思想传播者的不足,陷入作为权利制度献言建制者的误区,走向作为权利意识启蒙者的悖反。当代中国权利文化的发展既要继承这份厚重的精神遗产,也要对其精英主义的基本立场实行相应的改造,未来中国权利文化的酝酿积淀需要坚持中国立场、生活立场和平民立场。现代国家深刻型塑了近代中国的权利文化,使其呈现出明显的国家主义特质,具体表现为权利来源于国家、权利服务于国家以及权利受制于国家三个方面。近代中国面临的救亡图强以保国保种的生存性政治任务,是导致权利文化呈现国家主义取向的核心原因。这种权利文化的国家主义特质导致了权利推行的名实不符与权利实行的工具主义等问题。近代中国国家主义的权利文化简单偏颇地看待和处理了国权与民权的关系,国权与民权既相互紧张冲突、又彼此助益推进的悖反关系,需要我们复杂辩证地予以看待和调处,未来中国权利文化的发展应当注重国权与民权的相互平衡和彼此共进。不同于现代西方社会以个人作为权利之核心主体及其根本依归的主流观念,近代中国的权利文化呈现出独特、明显的群体化倾向,这表现在权利主体的群体化与权利价值的群体化两个方面。这种权利文化群体化倾向的形成主要是因为中国传统政治思想文化的重大影响、特定时空政治社会形势的深刻型塑以及外来相关权利思想的相关作用。权利文化的群体化倾向使得近代中国的个体权利萎缩化、权利主体差等化,这限缩了以个人为中心主体和根本归结的个体化权利观念和实践在中国的生成、推进和发展。未来中国权利文化的发展应当注重个体权利的推进和保障,进而矫治中国群体化倾向的权利文化,塑造个体权利与群体权利更为协调融合的新型权利文化传统。法治中国的建设需要法治文化的建构和培育,权利作为现代法治的核心要义及其根本精神,权利文化的培育对于法治中国的建设和实现具有重要的现实意义。未来中国权利文化的培育和发展既需要批判和反思近代中国权利文化发展的诸多误区及其缺陷,更加需要在认真梳理和总结的基础上,继承近代中国权利文化的深厚历史传统及其宝贵经验资源。未来中国权利文化的发展需要坚守其中国立场、生活立场和平民立场,需要复杂辩证地处理国权与民权的相辅相成关系,需要协调平衡群体权利与个体权利之间的关系,以此平衡共进、协调融合的权利文化,为法治中国的建设和实现奠定良好的精神基石。
[Abstract]:Contact and communicate each other at all times and in all countries, culture inevitably between different regions of space, collision and conflict, collection and fusion of mutual influence, and caused the "alienation" of the original culture, "assimilation", "transformation" change accordingly, thus making their own culture "evolution", "change", "change" has become the a new pattern of culture, unique cultural pattern. This is a cultural phenomenon is the universal law of human society It is quite common for, can be called "sublimation" culture connotation, different space domain at all times and in all countries the cultural implication of "sublimation" is very distinctive, quite prominent. If we take the background and main problems concerned to determine the domain for the modern world and its modernization process, will be locked and the key issues concern to focus in the modern world China and modernization, so, The historical process of modernization is the Chinese after one from the "Westernization" to "the evolution of the west". China modernization road, process, experience, although the mode of being outside the other especially important influence in the modern West, but when the modern western theory of foreign experience and encounter unique China context and Chinese field, but also inevitably experienced a significant China variation and transformation, which makes the modern China temperament and distinctive styles. As an important part of the modernization of the legal system and the key 100 years since the Chinese modernization grand target default task, also experienced from the impatient, fierce, blind "Westernization" to calm, rational, conscious development process of the "localization". The right culture as the core characteristics and key elements of the culture of the rule of law, they are in China sprouting, growth, promotion and development from the same The profound influence of modern extraterritorial, from extraterritorial rights culture towards the rule of law in Chinese, the historical process of modernization, the same happened China, changes in adjustment of localization, conversion and reconstruction of alienation. When the rights of others outside the remodeling of the specific historical environment China cultural encounter, the two meet result, neither completely copy and transplant state extraterritorial rights culture in China, China's political pattern is also no longer a historical tradition of self replication and continuous cycle; but in the China political body left a deep imprinted domain foreign right culture, also has obvious characteristics of the birth of the modern Chinese Chinese rights culture. The initiation of rights culture of modern China, cultivation and development is to realize the modernization of rule of law China and the core of the essence and the key task, the overall pattern of right culture determines method The essence of state governance Chinese. The development process of modern culture China rights from the late Qing Dynasty introduced the concept of "rights" to the establishment of new China, after nearly one hundred years of time, how to sort out and summarize the history of cultural rights in China germination and growth, prosperity and bloom, twisted and bleak, setbacks and frustrations. How to refine and summarize the characteristics of cultural rights China, describe and outline the general Chinese rights culture of modern state and the overall appearance, how to explain and illustrate the main causes and mechanism of Chinese rights culture, how to treat and evaluate modern Chinese rights culture both form and established characteristics, how to absorb and draw lessons from the experience of success the culture of rights and problems during this period, and then as the historical basis and the future direction of development and intellectual resources and reshape the Chinese right way of culture, as we thought To test and promote Chinese modernization, the basic theory of subject must face and answer and important practical problem. Modern Chinese "right" words, concepts in translation China introduction, continuous selection, repeated deliberation, gradually spreading, tortuous and discourse understanding of the concept and practice of the process, is the first modern culture Chinese the rights of pregnant for the "right", and the related concepts of the generation process in the context of modern Chinese, combing with the Dialectical Evolution and preliminary shaping path become origin of modern China rights culture research. The concept of rights in modern China since the beginning of the creation, which is deeply influenced by modern Western rights culture, with profound traditional Chinese color transformation Western blot and the era, it was given a lot of contextual attributes and tendency of connotation, formation of the concept of rights and rights of hybrid, the concept of right concept demonstration Read the public power, so this is quite obvious Chinese characteristics, extent predicted and laid the evolution and development of modern culture. Chinese tone right right of modern culture Chinese growth, development cannot do without the right idea, the theory of rights and theory of nourishment, nurtured, communicators grasp these rights of mental tools elite is a modern western right idea, but also Chinese rights offering words of institution, or the general public awareness of the rights of the enlightenment, they are the rights and culture of modern China midwives, which also makes the corresponding modern culture has the right China elitism. But to promote the characteristic of rapid growth in the power Chinese cultural rights to develop, at the same time, these rights culture problems as midwives right thought disseminator, misunderstanding as offering words of the right system establishment, go As to the right consciousness of enlightenment paradox. The development of contemporary China rights culture should not only inherit the spiritual heritage, to basic position on its elitist implementing the corresponding transformation, the future Chinese culture accumulation brewing rights need to adhere to Chinese position, life attitude and civilian position. Modern countries profoundly shaped the culture of rights in modern Chinese, which shows obvious characteristics of nationalism, the specific performance right from the state, right to serve the country and the right subject to the three aspects of national salvation. Facing the modern China to protect their conservation to the survival of the political task, is the result of right culture is the core reason of nationalism orientation the characteristics of nationalism. The right culture led to the implementation of the right to name does not match the instrumentalism and other issues with the implementation of the rights. The rights of the modern nationalism China A simple bias to view and handle the Kingdom and the relationship between civil rights and civil rights, the kingdom is mutually conflict, contrary relationship between each other and help promote, we need to be complex and dialectical view and mediation, the future development of China rights culture should focus on the balance between sovereignty and civil rights and to each other. The concept is different from the modern mainstream Western society with individual rights as the core and fundamental purpose, the modern cultural rights China showing a unique group, obvious tendency, which is reflected in the right of the main groups and groups the right value of the two aspects. The formation of this cultural group right tendency is mainly because the great influence of traditional political thoughts China the profound cultural, political and social situation of the specific time and effect of foreign related plastic related rights thought tendency of cultural rights. The group makes nearly The generation of China atrophy of individual rights, rights of the poor, the limit to individuals for individual rights and fundamental ideas and practice in the center of the main China attributed the formation of promotion and development. The future development of China rights culture should focus on individual rights and promote the protection and treatment group Chinese tendency the culture of rights, individual rights and collective rights, creating more new rights culture traditional coordination fusion. The construction of the rule of law China to construct and cultivate the culture of the rule of law, rights as the core essence of the modern rule of law and its basic spirit, has important practical significance and the implementation of the construction of the rule of law China cultivation of rights culture. The future China cultural rights the cultivation and development not only needs many misunderstandings of criticism and reflection of modern Chinese rights culture development and its defects, more needs to be based on careful review and summary On the right of succession of modern culture Chinese deep historical traditions and experience of resources. The future development of China rights culture need to adhere to the China position, life attitude and the civilian position need to complement each other dialectically deal with complex relationship between patriotism and civil rights, to coordinate the relationship between the balance of group rights and individual rights, in order to balance, coordination and integration the culture of rights, lay the cornerstone of good spirit and realize the construction of the rule of law Chinese.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D920.0
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本文编号：1380114