作圣之基-《论语》教本研究

发布时间：2018-01-05 09:38

本文关键词：作圣之基-《论语》教本研究　出处：《华东师范大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《论语》是重要的儒家经典,在长期的历史发展中,从一本言行录变为经学教材,通过教育活动影响了无数学子。《论语》的产生、发展和演变的过程不同于现代教材,体现出传统教材演变的独特路径。鉴于这种特点,我们以“教本”来命名之。《论语》中的内容多为孔子及其弟子教学过程的记录,经后学加工改造,层累形成。《论语》的结集与传授的过程相伴而生,孔子的言行录既是孔门弟子传授的重要内容,也是《论语》结集最原始的资料。战国以后,结集的《论语》逐渐传播到更加广阔的地域,从出土的战国和汉初的竹书中我们能够看到这种痕迹。由于秦代和汉初的文教政策使得《论语》被隔离在不同的地域,形成了地域之学。随着汉代国家统一和儒术独尊,以《齐论》、《鲁论》、《古论》为代表的区域教材开始融合,最终以《鲁论》为核心,形成帝国范围内的通用教材,并成为今本《论语》的雏形。魏晋时期,诠释方式的变化使得《论语》的版本增多,其中占据官学统治地位的《论语》经历了郑玄与王肃之争。这一时期,形成了《论语》“汉学”诠释的巅峰之作——何晏的《论语集解》,成为后世重要的教本。隋唐时期,官学的完备和教材的统一使得《论语》诠释陷入低潮,科举考试的内容设置也决定了《论语》成为学校教育中的公共必修课程。北宋以后,“四书学”兴起,《论语》的地位进一步提升。“宋学”诠释方式使得《论语》的诠释版本大增。邢f:的《论语注疏》、荆公新学的《论语》诠释版本、程朱理学的《论语》诠释版本、先后成为占据官学主导的教本。经学考试方式从隋唐的“帖经”、“墨义”变为两宋的经义文使得学习者对教本的选择更加自由,进入了教本多元并立的时代。元代中期以后,科举考试的第一场在《四书》内出题,选用朱熹的《四书集注》为标准,程朱理学开始占据学校教育的核心位置。明清以后,科举考试采用八股文,《四书》成为学子学习最重要的内容,促使《论语》的诠释融入《四书》。《论语》的学习也被放在《四书》体系内考量。晚清以来,西学东渐的背景下,传统教育面临着转型。晚清“新政”以后,科举制度被废止,新式教育开始替代传统教育。在新式学堂中,新的学科建制促使《论语》从“专经课程”变为现代课程。在初等教育阶段,进入读经讲经科；在高等教育阶段,进入经学科；实现了从独立课程到科目课程的变化。民国以后,“五育并举”取代“忠君尊孔”成为新的教育宗旨,经学进一步失去了它存在的合理性。这一过程中,西方的“七科之学”取代我国传统的“四部之学”,《论语》成为现代教材中的内容。新中国建立以后,新的意识形态建立,经学的价值进一步削弱,《论语》作为教材的必要性也不复存在。总之,《论语》的发展经历了我国课程体系从“六艺”的实用教育阶段到“五经”、“四书”的经学教育阶段,再到现代的“科目”阶段的过程。这一过程反映出我国传统教育的变迁,折射出经学教材发展过程中目标、内容、实施与评价的互动,为我们理解传统教育提供了反思的视角。
[Abstract]:< > Analects is an important Confucian classics, in the long history of development, from the words and deeds recorded into classics teaching material, through educational activities of countless students. The Analects > generation, development and evolution process is different from modern materials, reflecting the unique path of traditional textbook evolution. In view of this, we named by "textbook".
< > in the Analects content for Confucius and his disciples in the process of teaching records, the post processing transformation, process layer forming tired collection and the Analects of Confucius taught. > attendant, Confucius's words and deeds recorded is not only an important part of the disciples to teach, but also the most primitive data < > collection. The Analects of Confucius after the Warring States period, gathering < The Analects > gradually spread to the broader region, from the Warring States period and the beginning of the Chinese bamboo, we can see the traces. Because of educational policy in the Qin and early Han that was isolated in < > on different regions, forming a regional study. With the unification of the country and the Han Dynasty Confucianism only, with "Qi theory < >, < > of Shandong, the ancient theory of regional materials > to represent the beginning of fusion, and ultimately to" Lu "on as the core, to form the general teaching material of the Roman Empire and became the prototype of today," the Analects of Confucius ".
The Wei and Jin Dynasties, change the interpretation of Analects > < version increased, which occupy the official ruling "after Zheng Xuan and Wang Analects > Suzhi dispute. During this period, the formation of the" Analects > "Sinology" interpretation of the pinnacle, he Yan "Analects of Confucius", later to become the important textbook. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the official school uniform and complete textbook < > interpretation of the Analects of Confucius which is at a low ebb, the imperial examination also decided to set the content of < > The Analects of Confucius school education become a compulsory course.
After the Song Dynasty, "the four books" rise, "the Analects of Confucius" to further enhance the status of "Neo Confucianism" interpretation. The interpretation of the Analects of Confucius "> version increased. F: < Analects commentaries Xing >, < Analects > interpretation version of" school, < > version neo-Confucianism the interpretation of the Analects of Confucius, has become the official school occupied the leading textbook. By examination from the Sui and Tang Dynasties "Tiejing", "ink righteousness" is two song Jing Yiwen makes learners textbook selection more freedom into the textbook pluralistic era. The Yuan Dynasty after the middle of the imperial examination in the first four > in < < the selected topic, Zhu Xi the four books "as the standard, Ch'eng-Chu began to occupy the core position in school education. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination by stereotyped writing, < > four become the most important content of students learning, promote the interpretation of Analects > < < Analects > >.< into four books learning can also be placed in the" four books "system Consider it within.
Since the late Qing Dynasty, Western learning background, traditional education is facing a transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The "New Deal" after the imperial examination system was abolished, the new education began to replace traditional education. In the new school, a new discipline to the Analects of Confucius from "designed by the < > curriculum" into modern curriculum. In the elementary education stage, reading into the lecture Department of Radiology; in the higher education stage, entered by the subject; to achieve the change from independent courses to courses. In the future, "five Yu" instead of "loyal Zun hole" has become a new educational purpose, the study further lost the rationality of its existence. In this process, the western "seven Department of science" to replace our traditional "four school", "the Analects of Confucius in the textbook content > has become a modern new Chinese. After the establishment of new ideology is established, through the study of the value of further weakening, the necessity of the Analects of Confucius as a textbook < > has ceased to exist.
In a word, "Analects of Confucius has experienced development > curriculum system in China from the" practical education skills "to" Five Classics "," four books "by the school education, then to the modern" subjects "phase of the process. This process reflects the changes of Chinese traditional education, reflects the economic development process of learning the teaching material in the goal, content, implementation and evaluation of interaction, provides a reflective perspective for us to understand the traditional education.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G529

【参考文献】