近代以来西方公平思想在中国的传播及影响

发布时间：2018-01-12 19:17

  本文关键词：近代以来西方公平思想在中国的传播及影响　出处：《扬州大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 西方公平思想 马克思主义公平思想 传播 影响 市场经济

【摘要】：公平问题在中西方的历史上是一个历久弥新的话题。中国古代春秋战国时期人们就开始了对公平问题的探究,从对“公”、“平”、“正”、“义”的阐释到对大同社会的美好憧憬,展示了人们对于公正平等社会的向往。西方对公平问题的探究在古埃及就有文字记载,表明公平最初是同人们的劳动实践及分配活动联系在一起的,随着社会的不断发展,特别是随着西方资本主义市场经济的逐渐完善,西方的公平思想在不同时期形成了不同的理论派别。中西方历代先贤们的公平思想对于当前中国在社会主义市场经济条件下认识和解决公平问题仍然具有启发意义。20世纪七十年代末,中国社会自改革开放之后,开始了从计划经济向社会主义市场经济的转型时期,人们的思想观念、社会资源配置方式以及分配方式出现了多元化的局面,社会主义市场经济的法律环境、运行程序是一个逐步完善的过程,在此过程中出现了收入差距不断扩大的现象,特别是非市场原因导致的收入差距不断扩大,反映收入分配平等程度的基尼系数已经超过世界公认的警戒线;改革中各种矛盾的阶段性和集中性爆发,深层次社会矛盾的显现,使得公平问题成为人们关注的热点和焦点问题。国家和政府也非常重视公平问题,从最初的“效率优先,兼顾公平”到“初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平”,再到“初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平”显示了政府解决公平问题的过程与决心。从市场经济的角度梳理近代以来西方公平思想在中国的传播与影响,探析不同历史时期西方公平思想在中国传播的历史环境、传播主体、传播内容、传播媒介、传播受众以及传播效果,总结归纳其中的教训和经验,对于在社会主义市场经济条件下分析、解决当代中国的公平问题可以提供某些借鉴和启示,具有理论和现实意义。论文采用了多种研究方法。在坚持马克思主义辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的前提下,采用历史学方法、政治学方法、传播学方法等,对近代以来在中国传播的主要西方公平思想进行跨学科综合研究。论文内容包括绪论及六章内容。论文在绪论部分介绍了研究意义、国内外研究现状、论文研究方法与结构、基本概念的界定。在基本概念的界定部分,阐述了“公平”、“公正”、“正义”的异同,介绍了公平的类型等,指出了平等是衡量公平的重要指标。论文梳理了西方历史上的公平思想,筛选出了近代以来在中国传播的主要西方公平思想,包括基督教神学公平思想、契约论公平思想、功利主义公平思想、拉斯基民主社会主义公平思想、罗尔斯的分配正义论、诺齐克的权利正义论、德沃金的资源平等论、沃尔泽和米勒的多元正义论,马克思主义公平思想也是产生于西方的公平思想,但在性质上与西方其他公平思想截然不同,所以在分类上单独列出。分析了上述公平思想在西方产生的历史背景,并对这些公平思想进行概括、归纳、提炼。西方公平思想随着列强的侵略涌入中国。基督教神学早在唐朝时期就传入中国,在鸦片战争之后随着《圣经》完整译本在中国的出现,基督教神学公平思想开始系统地传入中国,传教士作为基督教神学公平思想的传播主体,通过直接讲道、写作或翻译书籍、创办教会学校、发行报刊等方式进行基督教神学公平思想的传播。基督教神学公平思想在内容上具有麻醉性、消极性,鸦片战争后被列强利用充当了文化侵略的工具,奴化和驯顺中国人民,以利于列强的殖民侵略;另一方面,基督教神学公平思想在客观上冲击了封建社会的等级秩序,成为太平天国的理论来源之一,“上帝面前人人平等”也是西方平等思想在中国发展的一个重要阶段。契约论公平思想是随着中国半殖民地化程度的不断加深传入中国的。资本—帝国主义的入侵加速了中国自然经济的解体,客观上促进了商品经济的发展,促进了中国资本主义的发展,代表新兴资产阶级利益和愿望的资产阶级改良派认为不仅要学习西方先进的科学技术,还要学习西方的政治制度及思想文化,西方的进化论思想、天赋人权思想、三权分立思想等逐渐传入中国。契约论公平思想源自霍布斯、洛克、卢梭,其主要内容包括人人生而平等、人人拥有自然权利(天赋人权)等。资产阶级早期改良派王韬、郑观应、何启、胡礼垣较早地接触到或传播了天赋人权思想;资产阶级改良派康有为、梁启超、严复对契约论公平思想的间接或直接传播产生了较大的影响。资产阶级革命派杨廷栋、邹容、刘光汉、陈天华、孙中山也传播了契约论公平思想。西方契约论公平思想是资产阶级改良派和革命派反对封建专制主义的思想武器,促使了民众国民意识、权利意识的提高;但也由于救亡图存的工具性,在传播过程中疏离了西方契约论公平思想的本意,从而导致了影响的变异。五四新文化运动时期改造社会的热潮促使了公平思想的广泛传播。在五四新文化运动改造社会的热潮中马克思主义公平思想开始传入与传播,功利主义公平思想也得到了传播。早期马克思主义者李大钊、李达、陈独秀、陈望道、毛泽东等通过在一些报刊上发表文章、翻译出版书籍、成立马克思主义研究机构等方式对马克思主义公平思想进行了传播;一些国民党人也推动了马克思主义公平思想的传播;“问题与主义”之争促进了马克思主义公平思想的传播。此时期传播的马克思主义公平思想主要是社会制度公平思想,即铲除资本主义剥削制度,实现社会主义、共产主义的美好社会,对经济公平也有一些探讨。胡适、高一涵等在知识界传播功利主义公平思想。功利主义公平思想影响主要在理论层面,是五四时期“民主”的思想资源,“科学”的重要内容,是改造国民性、增强国民个人权利意识的理论依据;马克思主义公平思想指出了公平社会的新方向,其影响在不断扩大,并且开始从理论走向实践。20世纪三四十年代马克思主义公平思想与其他公平思想展开博弈。具体来说,马克思主义、自由主义(民主社会主义)、新专制主义在制度公平方面进行理论与实践的博弈。李达、李一氓、吴亮平(吴黎平)、郭大力、王亚南通过在报刊上发表文章、翻译出版马克思主义著作传播了马克思主义公平思想,中国共产党的领导对于马克思主义公平思想的传播发挥了重要促进作用。中国20世纪三四十年代的自由主义思潮的主要组成部分是民主社会主义,主要传播者是罗隆基、张君劢、张东荪、施复亮等人。民主社会主义的实质是资产阶级的改良主义,所谓“计划化民主国家”的公平社会难以实现。新专制主义覆亡、自由主义式微、马克思主义(新民主主义)胜利,这是历史和人民的抉择。中华人民共和国成立后三十年,马克思主义公平思想在践行中出现了曲折,在建立相对公平的基本制度之后,马克思主义公平思想在实践中进行了探索,出现了波折,由最初的追求平等到陷入了平均主义的误区。此时期传播的马克思主义公平思想主要是社会制度公平思想、分配公平思想。马克思主义的分配公平思想认为社会主义社会的分配原则是权利原则和按劳分配原则,在共产主义社会则是按需分配原则。诸多主客观因素影响了中华人民共和国成立后对马克思主义公平思想的解读与实践,使之附着了中国传统大同思想与平均主义的色彩。改革开放后,随着社会主义市场经济的发展,公平思想的传出现了新气象,因此从市场经济的视角分析当今中国社会对公平正义思想的吁求,从起点公平、机会公平、结果公平方面透析西方公平思想的影响。传播的主要西方公平思想包括罗尔斯的分配正义论、诺齐克的权利正义论、德沃金的资源平等论、沃尔泽和米勒的多元正义论。马克思主义公平思想在改革开放的实践中得到了新的发展,发展了的马克思主义公平思想仍然居于主导地位,可批判借鉴西方其他流派的公平思想,以利于中国社会主义市场经济下公平正义理论体系的构建。马克思主义公平思想的传播历程启示我们在当今时代应充分发挥中国共产党的各类传播主体的潜力、充分发掘各类传统传播媒介和新媒介的功能,还应重视马克思主义公平思想的中国化实践,以增强马克思主义及其公平思想的传播力,巩固其主导地位。
[Abstract]:Fair problem in western history is a timeless topic. The ancient people in the spring and Autumn period Chinese began to explore the fairness, from the "public", "flat", "positive", "righteousness" to explain to the beautiful vision of Datong society, showing the people for justice and equality in society the yearning. Western issues of fairness research have recorded in ancient Egypt, that is people's first fair labor practices and distribution activities together, with the continuous development of society, especially with the western capitalist market economy gradually improved, the fair thought in the West has formed the theory of different schools in different periods in the history of Western thought. Fair sages for the current China under the condition of socialist market economy and solve the problem of fairness are still inspiring in the.20 century at the end of 70s, China The society since the reform and opening up, began a transformation period from the planned economy to the socialist market economy, people's ideology, social resource allocation and distribution appears diversification, the legal environment of the socialist market economy, the operation procedure is a process of gradual improvement, the widening income gap phenomenon in this process in particular, resulting in non market reasons of the widening income gap, reflect the distribution of income inequality has exceeded the world recognized warning line; in the reform stage of various contradictions and the concentration of the outbreak, deep-seated social contradictions, the fair has become a hotspot and focus of attention of the state and the government. Also attaches great importance to the fair problem, from the initial "efficiency first, fairness" to "initial distribution focus on efficiency, with focus on the public. Ping ", then to" the initial distribution and redistribution must handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness, the redistribution of paying more attention to fairness "shows the process and the determination of the government to solve the problem of justice. From the angle of market economy since the Western fair thought in combing the modern China propagation and influence of different historical periods of Western thought in the dissemination of China fair the historical environment, communication subject, communication content, media, audience and communication effect, summarize the lessons and experience for the analysis in the condition of socialist market economy, solve the fairness problem when the generation of China can provide some reference and inspiration, has theoretical and practical significance. This paper uses a variety of research methods. Based on the Marx doctrine of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, using historical method, method of political science, communication methods, on the past Since the generation of interdisciplinary research in the major Western fair thought. The thesis Chinese communication includes introduction and six chapters. The thesis introduces the significance of the research in the introduction part, the research status at home and abroad, and the structure of the thesis research methods, the definition of basic concepts. In the part of defining the basic concepts, expounds the "fair", "justice", "justice" of the similarities and differences, introduces the types of fairness, pointed out that equality is an important index to measure the fair. This paper reviews the fair thought of Western history, selected in modern times in the main western fair Chinese spread ideas, including Christian theology fair thought, contract theory, fair thought, fair thought of utilitarianism Laski, socialist democratic thought, Rawls's theory of distributive justice, justice Dworkin Nozick's rights, equality of resources, multi justice and Miller Walzer The fair thought of Marx doctrine fair thought is produced in the west, but the other thought and Western fairness in nature is different, so are listed separately in the classification analysis. The fair thought in the west of the historical background, and the fair thought summarized, summed up and refined. With the aggression of western justice thought the influx of Chinese. Christian theology was introduced into China early in the Tang Dynasty, after the Opium War, with the complete Bible translation appeared in China, Christian theology fair thought began to spread Chinese, missionaries as Christian theology of the fair thought of communication subject through direct preaching, writing or translation of books, the founder of the church school, communication and distribution the press by means of Christian theology. Christian theology thought fair fair thought of a narcotic, in the content of negative, after the Opium War Use as cultural aggression by the Western powers tool of enslavement and Chinese tame people, in order to facilitate the powers of colonial aggression; on the other hand, Christian theology fair thought impacted feudal society rank objectively, become one of the theoretical sources of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, "an important stage of" equality before God is western equal thought in the development of contract theory. China fair thought is China with semi colonial deepening into Chinese. Invasion of capital imperialism has accelerated the disintegration of Chinese natural economy, promoted the development of commodity economy, promote the development of China capitalism, on behalf of the bourgeois improved bourgeois interests and aspirations the school believes that not only to learn western advanced science and technology, but also to learn the political system and ideology and culture of the west, the evolution of Western ideas, talent The idea of human rights, the three powers thought gradually spread. Chinese contract justice thought from Hobbes, Rock, Rousseau, and its main contents include createdequal, everyone has a natural rights (human rights). The bourgeois reformist Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying, He Qi, Hu Liyuan earlier access to or dissemination of human rights the bourgeois reformists thought; Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Yan Fu on the contract directly or indirectly spread fair thoughts have a greater impact. The bourgeois revolutionaries Yang Tingdong, Zou Rong, Liu Guanghan, Chen Tianhua, Sun Zhongshan also spread the contract fairness thought. Western contract theory fair thought is the bourgeois reformists and revolution ideological weapon against the feudal despotism, the people of national consciousness, rights awareness; but also because the tools of national salvation, in the dissemination process of the alienation of the Western contract theory The fair thought intention, which leads to the influence of variation. Social transformation period 54 of the new culture movement promotes the wide spread of the fair thought. In the transformation of society 54 New Culture Movement in the upsurge of Marx's fair thought began to spread and spread, utilitarian justice thinking has also been spread. Early Marx's Li Dazhao Li Da. Chen Duxiu, Chen Wangdao, Mao Zedong, etc. in some newspapers published articles, translation and publication of books, the establishment of the Marx doctrine research agencies such as the spread of Marx's fair thought; some Kuomintang also promoted the dissemination of Marx's fair thought; "problems and doctrines" promoted the spread of Marx's justice thought the spread of ideas. Marx's fairness is the social system that is fair thought, eradicate capitalist system of exploitation, The realization of the socialist and Communist society, there are also some discussion on economic justice. Hu Shi, Gao Yihan in intellectual circles spread ideas. Influence of utilitarianism utilitarianism fairness justice thought mainly in the theoretical level, is the 54 period of "democracy" ideological resources, an important content of "science", is the national transformation, enhancement the theoretical basis of national consciousness of individual rights; Marx's fair thought pointed out a new direction of social fairness, its influence is expanding constantly, and starting from theory to practice.20 century 30s and 40s Marx's fair thought and other fair thought to start the game. Specifically, the Marx doctrine, Liberalism (democracy), game theory and practice in the system of fairness of the new despotism. Li Da, Li Yimang, Wu Liangping (Wu Liping), Guo vigorously, Wang Yanan through the publication in the newspapers. Chapter, translation and publication of Marx's works spread Marx's fair thought, the leadership of the Communist Party of Chinese played an important role in promoting the spread of Marx's fair thought. The main part of China twentieth Century 30s and 40s liberalism is democratic socialism, the main disseminators are Luo Longji, Zhang Junmai, Zhang Dongsun, et al. Shifuliang essence of democracy socialism is bourgeois reformism, the so-called "social equity plan of democracy" is difficult to achieve. New despotism fall, liberalism declined, the Marx doctrine (New Democracy) victory, this is the choice of history and people. Thirty years after the establishment of People's Republic of China, Marx's fair thought in practice appeared in the twists and turns. After the establishment of the basic system is relatively fair, Marx's fair thought in practice are explored, The twists and turns, from the initial to the pursuit of equality in egalitarian misunderstanding. In this period the spread of Marx's thought is the main social system fair fair thought, fair distribution of ideas. Marx's thought that the fair distribution of the principle of distribution of the socialist society is the right principle and the principle of distribution according to work, in the Communist society is required the principle of distribution. Many subjective and objective factors affect the interpretation and practice of Marx's justice thought after the founding of People's Republic of China, to adhere to China traditional datong thought and equalitarianism color. After the reform and opening up, with the development of socialist market economy, the fair thought of the emergence of new weather, so the analysis of the current China society of fairness and justice ideological appeal from the perspective of market economy, from the starting point of fairness, equal opportunity, fair results in West fair thought Want to influence. The spread of Western thought mainly including fair distributive justice theory of Rawls, Nozick's theory of justice Dworkin rights, equality of resources, the theory of pluralistic justice Walzer and Miller. Marx's fair thought is the new development in the practice of reform and opening, the development of the thought of Marx's Fair still occupies a dominant position can draw a fair criticism, Western ideas of other schools, in order to build a socialist market economy Chinese justice theory system. Communication process of enlightenment Marx doctrine justice thought we should give full play to the Communist Party of Chinese all kinds of communication subject in today's era of potential, fully explore all kinds of traditional media and new media features, also should pay attention to Marx's justice thought China practice, to strengthen the Marx doctrine and the fair thought propagation force, consolidate the Dominant position.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D08
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本文编号：1415636