乒乓球运动员在视觉—空间认知加工中的神经效率及其神经机制

发布时间：2018-01-12 21:13

本文关键词：乒乓球运动员在视觉—空间认知加工中的神经效率及其神经机制　出处：《上海体育学院》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：神经效率是指个体通过将能量消耗集中在更小的大脑区域,使得在应对任务过程中的中枢能量资源消耗更少。神经效率对于人们完成现实生活中大量需要快速而准确反应的任务而言非常关键,因此对神经效率的研究具有重要的实际意义。神经效率假说认为,在正确完成给定难度水平的认知任务时,聪明个体的大脑激活更低。鉴于认知与目标动作任务之间具有一些共同的神经基础和运算规则,研究者们将神经效率假说扩展到运动领域,用于解释运动训练与中枢资源利用的关系问题,认为运动员具有更有效的皮质功能。然而,关于运动训练对运动员大脑神经效率的影响,现有研究的结论不尽一致。此外,目前仍不清楚运动员在认知加工过程中的神经效率及其神经机制。乒乓球运动属于隔网对抗性项目,具有速度快、变化多的项目特征。运动员的视觉-空间认知加工能力对他们快速准确地察觉场上变化、判断来球特征、选择恰当应对策略并作出合理的运动反应而言极其关键。因此,如何合理有效地分配利用有限的中枢资源来快速完成上述加工过程至关重要。故而乒乓球运动员为我们了解运动员在视觉-空间认知加工过程中的神经效率及其神经机制提供了一个理想的选择。本研究基于认知心理学和认知神经科学的视角,在神经效率假说理论框架下,采用视觉-空间认知任务,综合运用脑电技术、功能性磁共振技术,以乒乓球运动员对由缺口圆和缺口星所构成的刺激图片的识别过程为媒介,探讨不同中枢资源消耗水平条件下乒乓球运动员视觉-空间认知加工中的神经效率及其神经机制。研究结果显示,(1)在察觉反应任务中,无论是行为反应还是大脑皮层反应方面,乒乓球运动员与非运动员之间不存在差异。(2)在辨别反应任务中,乒乓球运动员与非运动员在行为反应上没有差异。在缺口圆条件下,乒乓球运动员的顶区和枕区低频、高频αERD低于非运动员。乒乓球运动员在右侧顶额区(P4-F4电极对)、顶中央区(P4-C4电极对)的半球内低频αERCoh高于非运动员,在右侧顶额区(P4-F4电极对)、双侧顶中央区(P3-C3和P4-C4电极对)的半球内高频αERCoh高于非运动员,在中央区(C3-C4电极对)和顶区(P3-P4电极对)的半球间高频αERCoh高于非运动员;在缺口星条件下,乒乓球运动员与非运动员的低频与高频αERD、αERCoh不存在差异。(3)在选择反应任务中,乒乓球运动员的反应时快于非运动员,正确率与非运动员无差异。在缺口圆条件下,乒乓球运动员的顶区和枕区低频αerd低于非运动员,额区、顶区和枕区高频αerd低于非运动员。运动员的半球内低频αercoh在左侧顶额(p3-f3电极对)、右侧顶中央区(p4-c4电极对)高于非运动员,半球内高频αercoh在双侧顶中央(p3-c3和p4-c4电极对)和右侧顶颞区(p4-t8电极对)高于非运动员,在左侧顶枕区(p3-o1)低于非运动员。半球间低频αercoh在中央区(c3-c4电极对)高于非运动员,半球间高频αercoh在中央区(c3-c4电极对)和顶区(p3-p4电极对)高于非运动员;在缺口星条件下,乒乓球运动员的额区、顶区和枕区高频αerd低于非运动员。乒乓球运动员的半球内低频αercoh在双侧顶中央区(p3-c3和p4-c4电极对)高于非运动员,半球内高频αercoh在右侧顶额(p4-f4电极对)、双侧顶中央(p3-c3和p4-c4电极对)和右侧顶颞区(p4-t8电极对)高于非运动员;半球间低频和高频αercoh在中央区(c3-c4电极对)高于非运动员。(4)在选择反应任务中,乒乓球运动员的反应时快于非运动员,正确率与非运动员无差异。在缺口圆条件下,乒乓球运动员的左侧额中回、右侧额中回眶部、右侧角回、舌回以及左侧小脑脚激活低于非运动员,乒乓球运动员没有脑区的激活高于非运动员;在缺口星条件下,乒乓球运动员双侧额中回、右侧额中回眶部、左侧辅助运动区、中央旁小叶、楔前叶、左侧缘上回、左侧颞下回、颞中回、舌回、左侧小脑脚等脑区的激活低于非运动员,乒乓球运动员没有脑区的激活高于非运动员。综合上述结果,主要得出以下结论:(1)乒乓球运动员的神经效率在一定条件下显示出迁移性。在中等和高中枢资源消耗水平条件下,乒乓球运动员在对由一般几何图形所构成的视觉-空间刺激图片的认知加工中表现出更高的神经效率。(2)乒乓球运动员在一般视觉-空间认知加工中的神经效率受到任务对中枢资源消耗量的影响。表现为当中枢资源消耗水平低时,运动员与非运动员在视觉-空间认知加工中的神经效率没有差异;当中枢资源消耗水平中等时,运动员与非运动员在对与乒乓球运动项目特征相关性较高的缺口圆条件下的神经效率存在差异;当中枢资源消耗水平高时,运动员与非运动员在对与乒乓球运动项目特征相关相关性较高的缺口圆和与乒乓球运动项目特征相关性较低的缺口星条件下的神经效率均存在差异,并在行为指标上体现差异。(3)乒乓球运动员在视觉-空间认知加工中的神经效率的潜在机制为训练所形成的大脑激活选择性集中特性以及脑区间良好的功能协调性,使得运动员在视觉-空间任务完成过程中消耗的中枢资源节省化。(4)研究中所涉及的任务对中枢资源消耗水平的不同是目前运动领域中有关神经效率研究结果不一致的重要原因。研究结果丰富了关于运动员大脑神经效率的支持证据,为通过速度类运动项目训练提高神经效率提供了依据。研究结合EEG与fMRI技术,从不同中枢资源消耗水平的角度,对乒乓球运动员在视觉-空间认知加工中的神经效率进行了系列研究,为现有研究结果的不一致提供了新的解释,拓展了运动员大脑神经效率研究的视角;本研究探讨了乒乓球运动员在由一般几何图形所构成的视觉-空间刺激图片认知任务中的神经效率,揭示了乒乓球运动员神经效率的迁移性,有助于进一步理解运动训练对大脑认知加工神经效率的影响。
[Abstract]:Neural efficiency refers to the individual through the consumption of energy concentrated in the brain region is smaller, the central energy resources in response to the task in the process of consumption less. Neural efficiency in real life for people need a lot of fast and accurate response task is critical, because this is of important practical significance to study the neural efficiency neural efficiency. The hypothesis that, in cognitive tasks given the right level of difficulty, clever individual. Given the lower brain activation have some common neural basis and operation rules between cognition and action target task, the researchers will be extended to the neural efficiency hypothesis to explain the relationship between the field of sports, sports training and the central thought of resource utilization. The athlete has more effective cortical function. However, the effect of sport training on Athletes' brain efficiency, existing research. The theory is not consistent. In addition, it is still not clear in the athletes in the cognitive processing of neural efficiency and neural mechanism. Table tennis belongs to an antagonism project, with speed and project characteristics varied. Visual spatial cognitive processing ability of the athletes to them quickly and accurately detect the changes in the field and judgment to choose the appropriate ball characteristics, coping strategies and make a reasonable motion response is extremely critical. Therefore, how to effectively use the central allocation of limited resources to quickly complete the process. It is crucial for us to understand the athletes of table tennis athletes in visual spatial cognitive processing in neural efficiency and its neural mechanism provides an ideal choice. This research is based on cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience perspective, the neural efficiency hypothesis theory, using visual spatial cognition The task, comprehensive use of EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging, which composed of table tennis players and star pictures gap gap recognition process for the media, to explore the different central level of resource consumption under the condition of table tennis athletes in visual spatial cognitive processing in neural efficiency and neural mechanism. The results showed that (1) in the detection response task, whether behavioral responses or brain cortical reaction, does not exist between table tennis players and non athletes (2). The difference in discrimination reaction task, table tennis athletes and non athletes have no differences in behavioral responses. In the condition of low frequency notched, parietal and occipital region of table tennis tennis players, high alpha ERD lower than non athletes. The top of table tennis players in the right frontal region (P4-F4 electrode on the top (P4-C4), the central electrode of the hemisphere in low frequency) alpha ERCoh than non athletes, in Right parietal frontal region (P4-F4 electrode on the bilateral parietal central (P3-C3), and P4-C4 of the high frequency electrode) hemisphere alpha ERCoh than non athletes, in the central region (C3-C4 electrode (P3-P4 electrode) and the top area of the hemisphere) between high frequency alpha ERCoh than non athletes; the gap in the star under the condition of table tennis players and non athletes with low frequency and high frequency of alpha ERD, alpha ERCoh (3). There is no difference in choice reaction task, table tennis athletes faster than non athletes, the correct rate of no difference with non athletes. In the condition of low frequency notched, parietal and occipital region of a ERD is lower than that of table tennis players athletes, the frontal, parietal and occipital region of high alpha ERD lower than non athletes. Athletes in the left hemisphere in low frequency ercoh alpha parietofrontal (p3-f3 electrode), right parietal region (p4-c4 electrode pair) was higher than that of non athletes, hemisphere high frequency alpha ercoh in bilateral parietal central (p3-c3 and p4-c4 electrodes On the right side) and parietal area (p4-t8 electrode on) was higher than that of non athletes, in the left parieto occipital region (p3-o1) is lower than non athletes. The low frequency inter hemispheric alpha ercoh (C3-C4 electrode pair) in the central area is higher than that of non athletes, inter hemispheric alpha ercoh (C3-C4 frequency in the central area of electrode (P3-P4 electrode) and the top zone of) higher than non athletes; the gap in the star under the condition of table tennis players in the frontal, parietal and occipital region of high frequency alpha ERD is lower than that of non athletes. Table tennis players in the hemisphere low frequency alpha ercoh in bilateral parietal central (p3-c3 and p4-c4 on the electrode) was higher than that of non athletes, half ball in high frequency in the right frontoparietal (alpha ercoh p4-f4, the top electrode on the bilateral central (p3-c3) and p4-c4 on the electrode) and right parietal area (p4-t8 electrode) is higher than that of non athletes; inter hemisphere low frequency and high frequency of alpha ercoh in the central area (the C3-C4 electrode is higher than that of non athletes). (4) in the choice reaction task, the reaction time of table tennis players Faster than non athletes, the correct rate of no difference with non athletes. In notched conditions, table tennis players of the left middle frontal gyrus, right middle frontal orbital back, right angular gyrus, lingual gyrus, left cerebellar activation feet lower than non athletes, table tennis players without the activation of brain is higher than non athletes in; the gap star under the condition of table tennis athletes in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right middle frontal orbital back and left supplementary motor area, paracentral lobule, precuneus, left supramarginal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, left cerebellum, feet and other brain regions is lower than non athletes, the activation of table tennis players no brain region is higher than that in non athletes. The above results, we draw the following conclusions: (1) of table tennis athletes show the migration of neural efficiency under certain conditions. In the middle and high school. The level of resource consumption under the condition of table tennis athletes in the general geometry A graphic visual spatial cognitive stimulation in the image shows higher neural efficiency. (2) of table tennis players on the central task is affected by the consumption of resources in general neural efficiency of visual spatial cognitive processing. Performance for pivot level of resource consumption is low, athletes and non athletes in the nerve the efficiency of visual spatial cognitive processing in no difference; when the central resource consumption level of medium, the neural efficiency of athletes and non athletes in notched conditions on the characteristics and the table tennis sports higher correlation under the difference; when the central resource consumption levels are high, there are differences in neural efficiency in athletes and non athletes in the lower and the table tennis sports characteristics related to higher correlation with the gap and table tennis project feature correlation gap star conditions, and the behavioral indicators on the body This difference. (3) the potential mechanism of table tennis athletes in neural efficiency visual spatial cognitive processing in the formation of the training of the brain and brain concentration characteristics of selective activation interval good functional coordination, make the athlete save in visual spatial tasks in the process of central resource consumption. (4) the sports field the neural efficiency for different results is an important reason for the level involved in the study on the central task of resource consumption. The results enrich the evidence about athletes brain efficiency, provide the basis for the speed of the sports training to improve the neural efficiency. Research on the combination of EEG and fMRI technology, different from the central the level of resource consumption point of view, to carried out a series of table tennis players in neural efficiency of visual spatial cognitive processing, for the existing research results are not consistent To provide a new interpretation, expand the research of athletes brain efficiency perspective; this study explores the neural efficiency of table tennis athletes in general geometry composed of visual spatial stimulus pictures during cognitive tasks, reveals the table tennis athletes in the migration of neural efficiency, is helpful for understanding the effect of exercise training on the brain neural cognitive processing efficiency.

【学位授予单位】：上海体育学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G846

【参考文献】