上海合作组织非传统安全功能研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 21:50

  本文关键词： 上海合作组织 非传统安全 中国新安全观 总体国家安全观 “一带一路”建设　出处：《兰州大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：上海合作组织是第一个以中国城市命名,且管理机构——即上海合作组织秘书处,设在中国的国际组织,也是中国参与的有关中亚地区安全议题的唯一一个区域多边合作机制。自2001年成立以来,上合组织的安全合作不断扩展和深入,在维护中亚地区安全和稳定上发挥了不可替代的作用。不仅如此,上合组织以“上海精神”为合作理念,不断提高了成员国之间的政治互信,有效地推动了成员国之间关系民主化的进展。更为重要的是,上合组织是中国安全战略和对外交往战略的重要实施平台,在维护国家的安全、稳定和领土完整以及实现中华民族伟大复兴等国家重大发展战略中起到了重要作用。本研究以马克思主义辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观和方法论为指导,立足安全研究这一目前学术研究中的热点问题,从应对非传统安全威胁的客观要求出发,考察上合组织成立前后所面对的主要非传统安全威胁因素;并在“三股势力”等非传统安全因素对中亚地区和我国威胁日益严峻的形势下,分析和解释了中国同周边上合组织成员国范围内保持了稳定的成绩;探讨了上合组织如何在中国新国家安全观的指导下应对非传统安全威胁和强化其安全功能建设。这对总结中国参与或主导地区性国际机制的经验和教训,探讨上合组织同中国新国家安全观的关系,都具有重要的理论和现实意义。冷战后,非传统安全威胁取代了国家之间的对抗、冲突、战争等形式的传统安全威胁,成为国际社会的主要安全威胁。其中,以恐怖主义、分裂主义和极端主义为代表的“三股势力”、毒品犯罪、跨国有组织犯罪等非传统安全问题的凸显严重威胁着中亚地区的安全和稳定,也严重制约着该地区国家的经济发展和社会转型。在共同的安全威胁下,中国、俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦形成了应对威胁的共同意愿,并在相互协作的基础上形成了重要的多边合作机制——上海合作组织。但同时要指出是,虽然上述共同安全威胁的出现和共同合作意愿的产生在上合组织的形成过程中发挥了重要的作用,但它们并不是上合组织得以成立的全部动因。除了上述原因之外,上合组织成员国之间边界问题的解决是上合组织得以成立的前提,而成员国之间双边关系的提升尤其是中俄战略协作伙伴关系的确立则对上合组织的成立起着重要的推动作用。上合组织成立后所面临的非传统安全威胁依然严峻,在当前,“伊斯兰国”向中亚地区的渗透和阿富汗安全局势的持续恶化都对上合组织形成了严峻的挑战。为了应对上述威胁,上合组织不断强化合作,使其保持向深度和广度推进:反恐机制日趋完善,不断健全打击恐怖主义的法律,执法、情报、司法等部门的合作稳步开展,非传统安全领域的合作范围不断拓展,同其他国际安全机制的互动也不断加深。成立15年来,上合组织的安全职能发挥保障了地区的安全和稳定,为其他领域合作的开展提供了安全的外部环境。冷战后复杂的地缘安全环境的变化和非传统安全问题的凸显也促使着应对这一问题的新安全理念——中国新安全观的产生。中国新安全观是以江泽民为核心的党的领导集体在马克思主义理论指导下,立足于冷战后国际和周边形势以及中国自身安全需求的基础上提出的安全理论。中国新安全观摒弃了旧安全观在安全主体的单一性、安全内涵的贫乏性、安全手段的对抗性以及安全目标的利己性,实现了对安全关注的综合性、共同性、普遍性和合作性。中国新安全观在安全主体、安全内涵、安全手段和安全目的等各个方面实现了对旧安全理论的更新和升级,顺应了冷战后国际形势的变化,满足了中国自身安全的需要,它的提出和发展也促进了上合组织的形成,对上合组织的安全功能的实施提供了理论指导。反过来,上合组织确立了“上海精神”为新安全观的核心内容,并通过发展经贸合作等措施实践了中国新国家安全观。上合组织是“一带一路”战略实施的重要平台,同时可以为“一带一路”战略实施发挥重要的安全保障作用。在目前“一带一路”战略实施过程中,尤其是在境内外两个核心区——中亚和新疆的建设中,存在着机遇与挑战并存的局面。值得指出的是,境内外核心区建设中存在着诸多安全威胁,例如“三股势力”、毒品走私、非法移民、跨国犯罪、边界纷争、战争以及国家政权非制度性更迭等。必须说明的是,不将“一带一路”建设中的安全问题特殊化,在坚持上合组织原则和“上海精神”的前提下,在上合组织安全功能范围内,以上合组织安全功能特点对上述安全问题进行分类,不仅是上合组织为“一带一路”建设保驾护航的前提,还可以有效增加上合组织安全功能的实施效率。此外,在上合组织实施对“一带一路”建设的安全保障过程中,要重视和强化上合组织的非传统安全功能建设,加强对中亚地区安全威胁因素的研究,有针对性地提高上合组织公共安全供给能力,切实制定、完善和落实打击“三股势力”等威胁相关法律法规,做好去极端化和网络反恐工作,使上合组织能够更加有效地为“一带一路”保驾护航。目前,上合组织还面临着以下几个方面的问题和挑战:恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义的发展;扩员造成的以中亚为中心的地缘中心的变化和争议;乌克兰危机对成员国关系的影响;与其他国际组织的竞争(主要是独联体集体安全条约组织和欧亚联盟);国际安全中的某些领域所造成的成员国的意见分歧;以及成员国关系改善缓慢,中亚地区合作水平不高的状况无明显改善等。面对上述问题,我们要坚持在中国新安全观的指导下,以打造命运共同体为目的,推动上合组织的发展。主要建议如下:在安全目标上,要以“三股势力”为长期坚持打击的对象,在核心区上,要以中亚(包括新疆)为核心区,不宜扩大,要坚持以应对非传统安全威胁为核心功能,坚持和平共处五项原则,不应也不可能应对所有安全问题,要以总体安全观为指导全面考虑安全问题,要处理好核心安全问题同其他问题的关系;进一步加强与俄罗斯在上合组织框架内的协作;以“丝绸之路经济带”为契机促进上合组织经济合作;妥善应对和处理随着丝路经济带建设中“三股势力”扩散所带来的新安全挑战。本文以上海合作组织的非传统安全功能为研究视角和基本论述框架,讨论了非传统安全威胁因素和上合组织及其成员国在应对和打击非传统安全问题的关系,以及如何强化上合组织安全功能以推进中国对外战略的实施。选取上合组织在应对非传统安全威胁时所取得的相关理论和实践成果为研究案例,在上合组织十余年来应对和打击非传统安全威胁的发展历程中阐述并验证关于上合组织所取得的一系列成果,总结了上合组织在应对非传统安全威胁斗争中的经验和教训,在当前非传统安全威胁因素日益对我国形成严峻挑战的背景下提出强化上合组织安全功能的方案,其最终目的是尝试为我国“一带一路”倡议建设,以及其他对外战略的实施提供具有普遍意义的对策思考。
[Abstract]:The Shanghai cooperation organization is the first to Chinese city name, and management organization is the organization Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in international Chinese, on regional security issues also participate in the Chinese only a regional multilateral cooperation mechanism. Since its establishment in 2001, the SCO security cooperation continue to expand and further, played role in the maintenance of security and stability in Central Asia. Moreover, the SCO in the "Shanghai spirit" for the idea of cooperation, and constantly improve the political mutual trust between the members, to effectively promote the democratization progress between member countries. More importantly, the SCO is an important platform for the implementation of security Chinese the strategic and diplomatic strategy, in the maintenance of national security, stability and territorial integrity and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and other major national development strategy plays An important role. In this study, Marx's dialectical world outlook and method and historical materialism theory, based on the current security research in the academic research hot issues, starting from the objective requirements to cope with non-traditional security threats, investigate the SCO into position before and after the main non traditional security threats; and in the "non traditional security factors on the three forces in Central Asia and China's threat of an increasingly grim situation, analysis and interpretation of the member states of the SCO in the range with the surrounding Chinese maintained a stable performance; discusses how to China SCO in the new national security concept under the guidance of deal with non-traditional security threats and to strengthen the safe function of construction. This summary of Chinese participated in or led the regional mechanism for the international experience and lessons, to explore the relationship between the SCO Chinese with new conception of national security, are It has important theoretical and practical significance. After the cold war, non traditional security threats instead of confrontation between the countries, conflict, war and other forms of traditional security threats, has become a major security threat to the international community. Among them, terrorism, separatism and extremism as the representative of the "three forces", drug crimes, highlighting the transnational organized crime of non traditional security issues such as a serious threat to security and stability in Central Asia, but also seriously restricts the area of national economic development and social transformation. In common security threats, Chinese, Russia and Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan formed a common desire to deal with the threat, and the formation of multilateral cooperation in Shanghai cooperation organization an important mechanism based on mutual cooperation. But at the same time should be pointed out that, although the common security threats appear And cooperation will have played an important role in the process of the formation of the SCO, but they are not able to cause all the SCO was set up. In addition to the above reasons, the SCO member states to solve the boundary problem between the SCO is the premise, and the bilateral relations between member countries especially the establishment of promotion the Sino Russian strategic cooperative partnership is the establishment of the SCO plays an important role in promoting. Non traditional security threats after the establishment of the SCO is still grim, at present, the penetration of Islamic country to Central Asia and the continued deterioration of the security situation in Afghanistan has posed serious challenges to the SCO in order to deal with. The threat of the SCO continuously strengthen cooperation, keep advancing to the depth and breadth: anti-terrorism mechanism, and constantly improve the fight against terrorism The law, law enforcement, intelligence, steadily carry out judicial departments cooperation, the scope of cooperation in non-traditional security fields constantly expanding, the interaction mechanism with other international security is deepening. Founded 15 years ago, the security function of SCO to play to protect the security and stability of the region, providing a safe environment to carry out other cooperation in the field. To highlight the changes after the cold war Geopolitical Security Environment and non-traditional security issues also led to this problem a new security concept, Chinese produced a new security concept. Chinese is a new security concept with Jiang Zemin as the core of the collective leadership of the party under the guidance of Marx's theory, put forward the theory basis of safety based on the international situation after the cold war and the surrounding and Chinese itself on the security requirement. Chinese new security concept to abandon the old concept of security in the single subject of security, security connotation Poor, selfish security means antagonism and security objectives, to achieve a comprehensive, on safety concerns, commonality, universality and cooperation. China new security concept in subject of security, safety connotation, various security measures and security purposes to realize the old security theory, update and upgrade. With the change of the international situation after the cold war, the Chinese meet its own security needs, and put forward its development also promoted the formation of the SCO, provides a theoretical guidance for the implementation of security function of SCO. In turn, the SCO has established the "Shanghai spirit" as the core of the new security concept, and through the development of economic and trade cooperation and other measures to practice China new conception of national security. The SCO is an important platform for the implementation of The Belt and Road "strategy, at the same time for" The Belt and Road "strategy implementation play an important safeguard for In the present. "The Belt and Road" strategy implementation process, especially in the domestic and foreign two core areas -- the construction of Central Asia and Xinjiang, there are both opportunities and challenges. It is worth noting that there are many security threats in the construction of inside and outside of the core area, such as the "three forces". Drug smuggling, illegal immigration, transnational crimes, border disputes, war and the state of non institutional change. It must be noted that the "safety of The Belt and Road" in the construction of specialization, adhering to the principles of the SCO and the "Shanghai spirit", in the security function of SCO within the range. The classification of the safety problems in safety features of the SCO, is not only the premise of the SCO to escort The Belt and Road "construction, but also can effectively increase the efficiency of the implementation of the SCO security function. In addition, in the To organize the implementation of the "The Belt and Road" construction safety in the process of non traditional security function construction should pay attention to and strengthen the SCO, strengthen the research on the regional security threats, targeted to improve the SCO public safety supply capacity, to develop, improve and implement the fight against the "three forces" and other threats the relevant laws and regulations, to go to extremes and network anti-terrorism work, the SCO can more effectively "The Belt and Road escort. At present, the SCO is facing the following problems and challenges: terrorism, separatism and extremism development; expansion caused by Central Asia as the center of the geopolitical center the changes and effects of the Ukraine crisis of the dispute; membership; competition with other international organizations (mainly the CIS Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Union); International Security The members of the disagreement in the field caused by some of the members; and improving relations between the slow level of cooperation in Central Asia is not high status without significant improvement. In the face of these problems, we must adhere to the China under the guidance of the new security concept, to build a community of destiny for the purpose of promoting the development of the SCO. Recommendations are as follows: the safety goals, to the "three forces" as the long-term target, in the core area, to Central Asia (including Xinjiang) is the core area, should not be extended, we must adhere to cope with non-traditional security threats as the core, adhere to the five principles of peaceful coexistence, should not and can not a possible response to all the security problems, in order to guide the comprehensive consideration of security issues in the overall security concept, to deal with security issues with other core issues; to further strengthen cooperation with Russia in the framework of the SCO to " Silk Road Economic Belt "as an opportunity to promote the SCO economic cooperation; to properly deal with and deal with new security challenges with the construction of the Silk Road Economic Zone in the" three forces "caused by diffusion. The non traditional security function of Shanghai cooperation organization as the research perspective and discusses the basic frame, discussed the relationship between the non traditional security threats and the SCO and its member states in addressing and combating non-traditional security issues, and how to strengthen the security function of SCO in order to promote the implementation of China foreign strategy. From the related theory and practice achievements of the SCO in addressing non-traditional security threat as a case study, to deal with a series of achievements and combat non development of traditional security threats described and validated by about the SCO SCO in ten years, summarized the SCO in addressing non-traditional security threats In the struggle of experience and lessons, puts forward to strengthen the SCO security function in the current scheme of non-traditional security threats has become a formidable challenge to the background of our country, its ultimate purpose is to try for our "The Belt and Road" initiative and other foreign construction, the implementation of the strategy to provide countermeasures with general significance.

【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D814.1
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本文编号：1455820