贸易自由化对工资的影响—中国经验

发布时间：2018-03-05 16:21

本文选题：贸易自由化　切入点：工资　出处：《对外经济贸易大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：基于1998-2007年的中国工业企业数据、世界银行联合中国国家统计局于2005年所采集的投资气象调查数据、中国2002年投入产出表以及WITS内中国1998-2007年间HS6位码进口关税，本文较为系统地从区域、行业、企业三个层面上研究和分析了中国的贸易自由化对工资的影响。本文的一大特色是分别考虑了产成品贸易自由化与投入品贸易自由化的作用，从而便于比较和分析两者之间的差异，一大突破是直接分析了企业参与自由贸易的行为（进口国外投入品）对其内部不同技能类型劳动力工资差距的影响，从而填补了国内相关研究的空缺。在系统回顾了贸易自由化与工资关系的理论后，本文从实证的角度探讨了以下四个具体问题：贸易自由化对区域工资水平的影响，贸易自由化对行业工资水平的影响，贸易自由化对企业工资水平的影响，以及贸易自由化对企业内工资不平等的影响。区域和行业层面的研究是为了检验贸易自由化的宏观效果，而企业层面的研究主要是分析企业在贸易自由化大背景下的微观反应。在前三个实证问题中，本文考察了贸易自由化对劳动力的平均影响，第四个实证问题则是分析了贸易自由化对不同技能类型劳动力的差异化影响。本文完成的主要工作及得到的主要结论如下：第一，在构建了符合理论模型的区域贸易壁垒指标后，本文发现产成品和投入品贸易自由化均带来了区域工资水平的上升，但是投入品贸易自由化的作用更为显著。就本文所偏好的固定效应估计结果来说，区域产成品贸易壁垒每下降1%，区域工资水平上升约1.5%，区域投入品贸易壁垒每下降1%，区域工资水平上升约4.2%。进一步的回归结果显示，贸易壁垒的下降显著地提升了区域内最低企业工资水平，这表明贸易自由化是通过提高企业生存门槛的方式来提升区域工资水平的。第二，贸易自由化显著地提升了行业工资水平。同样地，投入品贸易自由化的作用较为显著。基准回归结果和稳健性分析说明，行业产成品关税每下降1%，行业工资水平上升约0.2%；行业投入品关税每下降1%，行业工资水平上升幅度约在1%-2%之间。贸易自由化对行业工资水平的影响在于其会导致行业内企业生存门槛的提高，而这会反映为生存门槛对应的企业工资水平的提升，本文使用行业内最低企业工资水平作为被解释变量，，对行业关税进行回归，得到的结论支持了上述论断，而且相比产成品关税，投入品关税的下降对行业内最低企业工资水平的影响更显著，这也解释了投入品关税对行业工资水平作用更大的原因。第三，贸易自由化对企业工资水平的作用相比宏观层面较弱。使用全样本时，固定效应下的估计结果显示产成品关税和投入品关税的下降均显著地提升了企业的工资水平，产成品关税和投入品关税每下降1%，企业工资水平分别上升约0.1%和0.2%，一阶差分估计法下，产成品关税的作用没有变化，而投入品关税的作用提高为0.4%；使用平衡面板数据并未发现贸易自由化对企业工资水平具有显著的作用。这里的结果从侧面说明了宏观层面工资水平的上升更大程度上来自于贸易自由化的筛选效应，低效企业由于亏损而退出，其释放出来的劳动力流向支付高工资的高效企业。第四，贸易自由化显著地提升了企业内工资不平等。企业进口投入品的行为使其内部普通员工最高最低工资比提高约50%；使得总经理与中层经理的工资比提高约30%；使得中层经理与普通员工的工资比提高约12%-20%。进一步的研究表明，参与到自由贸易之中的企业对高技能劳动力的需求更高、更倾向于使用绩效工资、更有可能进行研发支出、更倾向于提供员工培训机会、更多地使用计算机，这些因素都导致了企业内工资不平等的上升。
[Abstract]:1998-2007 years of data China industrial enterprises based on the investment of meteorological survey data the World Bank jointly Chinese National Bureau of statistics collected in 2005, 2002 China input-output table and WITS within 1998-2007 years China HS6 code import tariffs, this paper systematically from the region, industry, three levels of enterprises on the research and analysis of the Chinese trade the impact of liberalization on the wage. A major feature of this paper is to consider the effect of the finished product are inputs of trade liberalization and trade liberalization, in order to facilitate the comparison and analysis of the difference between the two, a major breakthrough is the direct analysis of the enterprises to participate in the free trade act (imported inputs) effect on the inside different types of skills wage gap, to fill the domestic research vacancy.
The systematic review of the relationship between trade liberalization and the wage theory, this paper discusses the following four specific questions from an empirical point of view: the impact of trade liberalization on regional wage level, the impact of trade liberalization on the wage level of the industry, the impact of trade liberalization on the wage level, and the effect of trade liberalization on enterprises in the wage inequality. The study area and the industry level is to test the macro effect of trade liberalization, and the research of enterprise level is mainly analysis of enterprise micro reaction in the context of free trade. In the first three practical problems, this paper examines the impact of trade liberalization on average labor force, fourth an empirical analysis of the problem is trade liberalization on different types of labor skills.
The main work completed in this paper and the main conclusions are as follows:
First, in the construction of regional trade barriers index accords with the theoretical model, this paper found that the products and inputs of trade liberalization brings up regional wage level, but the goods trade liberalization investment is more significant. The estimation of fixed effects preference results in this paper, the regional product trade barriers every drop 1%, regional wages rose about 1.5%, regional inputs trade barriers decreased by 1% each, regional wage levels rise about further 4.2%. regression results show that the decline in trade barriers significantly enhance the regional minimum wage level enterprises, which shows that trade liberalization is by improving the enterprise survival threshold way to enhance the regional wage level.
Second, trade liberalization significantly enhance the industry wage level. Similarly, goods trade liberalization investment effect is more significant. The benchmark regression results and robustness analysis shows that the industry product tariff every 1% decline, industry wages rose about 0.2%; industry investment tariffs every 1% decline in industry wages rise at about 1%-2%. The effect of trade liberalization on the wage level of the industry is that it leads to the survival of enterprises within the industry to raise the threshold, and this will be reflected in the wage level threshold corresponding to the promotion of enterprise survival, the minimum wage level of enterprises in the industry as explanatory variables, the industry tariff regression, the conclusions support the above that compared with finished goods tariffs, tariff decline inputs on the wage minimum enterprise in the industry is more significant, which explains the input tariffs on line A greater cause of the wage level of the industry.
Third, trade liberalization on the wage level effect compared to macro level weak. Using the full sample, the results show that the estimation of fixed effects decrease product tariff and tariff inputs can significantly enhance the enterprise wage level, finished goods tariffs and tariff inputs every 1% decline, the wage level increased about 0.1% and 0.2%, the difference estimation method, no change of finished goods tariffs, and inputs the effect of a tariff increase of 0.4%; the use of balanced panel data not found that trade liberalization has significant effect on the wage level. The results show that the increase of the effect of screening macro level wages more a large extent from trade liberalization from the side, inefficient companies withdrew due to losses, the release of labor flow to pay high enterprise high wages.
Fourth, trade liberalization significantly improves the enterprise wage inequality. The enterprise imported inputs to the internal behavior of ordinary employees the highest minimum wage ratio increasing by about 50%; the general manager and the middle manager's salary of about 30% higher than that of middle managers and ordinary employees; wage ratio increased by about 12%-20%. further research shows to participate in the free trade, the demand for high skilled labor is higher, more inclined to use the performance salary, are more likely to be spending on research and development, tend to provide training opportunities, use the computer more, these factors have led to rising wage inequality in the enterprise.

【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F752;F249.24

【参考文献】